Scribd
Upload
242 views119 pages

Transform: of Technique For For Which - For Which That of

The z-transform is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform and is used to analyze discrete-time signals and systems. It transforms a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the complex z-domain. The region of convergence defines the values of z for which the z-transform converges. The inverse z-transform can be found using techniques like synthetic division, partial fraction expansion, and Cauchy's integration method. Important properties of the z-transform include linearity, time-shifting, scaling, and convolution which allow analysis of systems using the z-transform.

Uploaded by

sk abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
242 views119 pages

Transform: of Technique For For Which - For Which That of

The z-transform is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform and is used to analyze discrete-time signals and systems. It transforms a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the complex z-domain. The region of convergence defines the values of z for which the z-transform converges. The inverse z-transform can be found using techniques like synthetic division, partial fraction expansion, and Cauchy's integration method. Important properties of the z-transform include linearity, time-shifting, scaling, and convolution which allow analysis of systems using the z-transform.

Uploaded by

sk abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 119

The Z- TRANSFORM

Discrete Time Counter part of Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform- Frequency Domain technique for


Analyzing signals for which FT dose not exist.

Z-Transform –Analyze those signals for which we do


not have DTFT.
Properties closely resembles that of LT.
The z transform of x(n), denoted by X(z) , is defined as:

Z- Complex variable
-Set of Z values for which the summation converges is
called the region of convergence (ROC) for the transform.

Region of convergence (ROC) is annular region of the entire


complex Z plane given by

The lower limit may be zero and could possibly be


Evaluating Z Transform at the complex number

If r =1 the Z transform evaluated on the unit circle gives


the Fourier transform of the sequence x(n).

For positive time signals the provides a convergence


factor

They are sequences for which Z-Transform exists and the


Fourier transform in ordinary sense dose not .
One such signal is the unit step function u(n)
Z- Transform of Exponential sequences

-Is one of the basic signal in continuous time.


where is real, imaginary or complex number.
Let After sampling resultant signal as x(n),

p1. Find Z Transform including the region of convergence of


By the definition

With geometric progression formula

Converges for

Equivalent to , ROC
Values of z for which X(z)=0 are called zeros of X(z).
Values of z for which X(z)= are called poles of X(z).
Poles are indicated with X and zeros with o.
Let n=-m
This is by adding the m=0 term and subtracting it from total.
Using geometric progression formula
Z Transform of a finite Length sequence
Since sum involves finite number of terms the sum is
Finite everywhere except possibly z=0 and z= ,
Provided is finite.
For N˃M≥0 the ROC is entire z plane excluding the
origin z=0. For M<0 and N˃0 the ROC is entire
z -plane excluding the z=0 and z= .

For M< N <0 the ROC is entire z -plane excluding z=


P3.Find the Z Transform and ROC of y(n) as sum of positive
and negative time sequences

Firs summation is

Second summation is
Thus Y(z) is their sum with ROC equal to intersection of the reg
of convergence.
x(n)= u(n)
ROC:⃓
Z⃓˃ ⃓a^T⃓
RIGHT SIDED SEQUENCE
A right-sided sequence is one for which x(n) = 0 for n < n0,
where n0 is positive or negative but finite. The Z-transform of
such a sequence is

The ROC of the above series is the exterior of a circle.

If n0 ≥ 0, the resulting sequence is a causal or a positive time


sequence.

For a causal or a positive finite time sequence, the ROC is


entire z-plane except at z = 0.
Find the ROC and Z-transform of the causal sequence

Solution: The given sequence values are:

x(0) = 1, x(1) = 0, x(2) =-2, x(3)= 3, x(4)= 5 and x(5) = 4.


We know that

For the given sample values,

X(z) =x(0) + x(1) + x(2) + x(3) + x(4) +x(5)

The X(z) converges for all values of z except at z = 0.


ROC of an infinite duration causal sequence

The ROC of an infinite duration causal sequence is |z| > α, i.e.


it is the
exterior of a circle of radius α where z = α is the largest pole
in X(z).

ROC of an infinite duration non-causal sequence

The ROC of an infinite duration non-causal sequence is |z| <


α, i.e. it is the interior of a circle of radius α where z = α is the
smallest pole in X(z).
Find Z
Transform for
following
sequence

Z Transform is
.
˃
Two discrete time systems with impulse responses
ℎ1[𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 − 1] and ℎ2[𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] are connected in
cascade. The overall impulse response of the cascaded
system is
With m=-n

With m-1=n, m=n+1


ROC IS Between Two
Concentric circles 0f
radious ½ and 1.
Zeros at
z=0,3/4
and poles at
z=1,1/2
TRANSLATION
MULTIPLICATION BY AN
EXPONENTIAL
Linearity Property
Time Shifting Property
At n =-α M =-α
At n= α M= α
Scaling in the z-Domain OR
Multiplication by an exponential
Convolution

Proof −
x(n)= x1(n)*x2(n)
k

ROC:ROC1⋂ROC2
x1 (Z)=

x2(Z)= n

x1 (Z) x2 (Z)=
6z-4 + 4z-6
Inverse z-transform

Synthetic Division Method


Partial Fraction Method
Cauchy’s Integration Method
Synthetic division Example(1): :

Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is causal sequence or right


sided sequence.

Quotient series should have –ve powers of z as z-


transform of causal sequence has –ve powers of z
Synthetic division Example(2)::

Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is anti-causal sequence or left sided


sequence.

Quotient series should have +ve powers of z , as z-transform


of anti-causal sequence has +ve powers of z
Using long division method, determine the Inverse z-
transform of

As |z|>1, x[n] is causal sequence

Quotient series should have –ve powers of z as z-transform


of causal sequence has –ve powers of z
Using long division method, determine the Inverse z-
transform of

As |z|<1/2, x[n] is anti-causal sequence

Quotient series should have +ve powers of z , as z-


transform of anti-causal sequence has +ve powers
of z
Find Inverse Z Transform using Partial Fraction
Method
Another Approach
Taking IZT ,we get
Different Pole’s Cases

a) Distinct Real Poles


b) Complex Conjugate and Distinct Poles
c) Repeated Poles
Problem:
Taking IZT ,we get
Complex-Conjugate & Distinct Poles

Find Inverse Z Transform.


4

4
Taking IZT ,we get

(-(2+j)) (- )
Repeated Poles
mth order pole at z=a, will have residue as
2

2
2
Cauchy’s Integration (Residue) Method

= sum of residues of G(z) corresponding to poles of G(z)


Residue at pole z=a is given by
where
G(z) has two poles ,z =1 & z=2
x(n) = Residue of G(z) at z=1 + Residue of G(z) at z=2
If the initial conditions are not neglected, we have
This theorem helps us to find the initial value of x(n) from
X(z) without taking its inverse Z-transform.
This theorem enables us to find the steady-state value of x(n),
i.e. x( ) without taking the inverse Z-transform of X(z).
Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal, which is
a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a
complex frequency-domain representation. It can be
considered as a discrete-time equivalent of
the Laplace transform.
Parseval’s Relation
The process of finding the time domain signal x(n) from its
Z-transform X(z) is called the inverse Z-transform which is
denoted as:

We have

This is the DTFT of the signal x(n) r–n. Hence the Inverse
Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (IDTFT ) of
must be Therefore, we can write
We have

where the symbol denotes integration around the circle of radius


| z | = r in a counter clockwise direction. This is the direct method of
finding the inverse Z-transform of X(z). It is quite tedious.
We know that the inverse Z-transform of X(z) can be
obtained using the equation:

at the poles inside c where c is a circle in the z-plane in the


ROC of X(z).
This can be evaluated by finding the sum of all residues of
the poles that are inside the circle c.
Therefore, the above equation can be written as:

If there is a pole of multiplicity k, then the residue at that


pole is:

You might also like