DATA

COMMUNICATION
CONCEPTS
Dr. SHUCHITA UPADHYAYA BHASIN
Professor
Department of Computer Science & Applications
 CONTENTS

LOCAL LOOP
 MODEMS AND ADSL
INTERNET OVER CABLE
ADSL VERSUS CABLE
THE MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
 LOCAL LOOP

 In telephony, a local loop is the wired connection

from a telephone company's central office in a
locality to its customers' telephones at homes and
businesses.
 This connection is usually on a pair of copper wires
called twisted pair.
 The system was originally designed for voice
transmission only using analog transmission
technology on a single voice channel.
 A computer can also send the digital data over this
analog connection.
 For this the data is needed to be changed from
digital to analog form so that it can be transmitted
 With Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
over the same local loop. or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), the local loop
 Modem and codec are used to do this conversion of can carry digital signals directly and at a much
data. higher bandwidth than they do for voice only.
 MODEMS AND ADSL
Modem connecting a computer with telephone line for
Internet access
• A modem, short for modulator-
demodulator, is an electronic device that
converts computer's digital information into
analog carrier signals and vice versa.
• Modem enables a computer to
transmit data over, for example, telephone
or cable lines.
• Computer information is stored digitally, Modulation techniques used for
whereas information transmitted over Modem:
telephone lines is transmitted in the form Amplitude shift keying (ASK).
of analog waves. A modem converts  Frequency shift keying (FSK).
between these two forms.  Phase shift keying (PSK).
• Thus, computers use modems to
communicate with each other over a
network.
 MODEM - DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG ENCODING

• AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)

In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude ASK encoding
of the carrier signal is varied to create
signal elements i.e. the strength of the
signal is varied to represent binary 1 or
0.
Both frequency and phase remain
constant while the amplitude changes.
A popular ASK technique is called Binary
ASK (BASK) or on-off keying (OOK).
Binary ASK / On-off keying (OOK)
 In OOK one of the bit values is
represented by no voltage .
The advantage is a reduction in the
amount of energy required to transmit
information.
MODEM - DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG ENCODING contd.
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)
• In frequency shift keying (FSK), the frequency of
the carrier signal is varied to represent data i.e.
binary 1 or 0.
• The frequency of the modulated signal is
constant for the duration of one signal element,
but changes for the next signal element if the
data element changes.
• Both peak amplitude and phase remain
constant for all signal elements. 
• FSK avoids most of the noise problems of ASK, Binary FSK
because the receiving device is looking for
specific frequency changes over a given number
of periods, it can ignore voltage spikes
• Binary FSK (or BFSK): consider two carrier
frequencies - use the first carrier if the data
element is 0; use the second if the data
element is 1.
 MODEM - DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG
ENCODING contd.
PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)
• In phase shift keying (PSK), the phase is varied
to represent binary 1 or 0 (signal elements).
• Both peak amplitude and frequency remain
constant as the phase changes.
• For example, if we start with the phase of 0
degrees to represent binary 0, then we can
change the phase to 180 degrees to send
binary 1. binary PSK (BPSK)
• In binary PSK (BPSK), two different phases (0
and 180 degrees) are used in the encoding
• The BPSK modulation is a very basic technique
used in various wireless standards such as
CDMA, WiMAX (16d, 16e), WLAN 11a, 11b,
11g, 11n, Satellite, DVB, Cable modem etc.
 4-PSK
Phase Shift Keying contd.

• PSK is not susceptible to the noise

degradation that affects ASK, nor to the
bandwidth limitations of FSK.
• This means that smaller variations in
the signal can be detected reliably by
the receiver.
• Therefore, instead of utilizing only two 4-PSK characteristics 8 – PSK characteristics
variations of a signal, each representing
one bit, we can use four variations and
let each phase shift represent two bits
• We can extend this to 8-PSK. Instead of
90 degrees, we now vary the signal by
shifts of 45 degrees. With 8 different
phases, each shift can represent three
bits.
 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM)
4-QAM and 8-QAM constellation pattern

• PSK is limited by the ability of the

equipment to distinguish small
differences in phase. This factor limits its
potential bit rate.
• Combination of ASK and PSK gives us a
good solution, as we can have x
variations in phase and y variation in
amplitude, giving us x times y possible Time domain for an 8-QAM signal
variations and the corresponding
number of bits per variation.
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM) does just that.
• Possible variations of QAM are
numerous.
 Functions of a Modem

• Modulating signals: Create an easily transmitted and decoded signal that allows digital data
to be sent from place to place without the loss of information.
• Data compression: Data compression reduce the size of the signal needed to send the
required data.
• Error correction: When information is transmitted between modems, it can sometimes be
damaged -- meaning that parts of the data are altered or lost. To get around this, modems
use error correction.
• Flow control: Individual modems send information at different speeds. It's necessary for
faster modems to slow down so that slower modems can catch up
• Voice/data: In data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode, the modem
acts like a regular telephone.
• Auto-answer: An auto-answer modem enables your computer to receive calls in your
absence.
• Flash memory: Some modems come with flash memory rather than conventional ROM,
which means that the communication protocols can be easily updated if necessary.
• Fax capability:  Most modern modems are fax modem, which means that they can send and
receive faxes.
 Modem Classification

Internal vs. External modems Broadband: Cable and ADSL modems

• External modems: not inside the system unit. Connected to ADSL and cable modems are used to provide
the telephone line and the computer by means of two broadband Internet, which allows more data to be
separate cables. transmitted and thus makes using the Internet faster.
• Internal modems: Internal modems are in the form of • Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) modems
use telephone lines to send and receive data but
circuit boards, fitted in expansion slots of the computer’s make use of a different frequency band than
motherboard circuit board. modems using the voiceband range of frequencies.
Internal modems can be dial-up or wireless (Wi-Fi). Dial-ups use the
• Cable modems use the same radio frequency range
telephone network to send and receive signals. Wi-Fi modems don't
need to be connected to the telephone network as cable television. Cable modems have the
advantage of using the existing cable television
Null Modems infrastructure, allowing cable TV companies to
• attaching a specially wired cable between the serial ports of provide Internet services.
two personal computers. The same software used with Wireless Modems: Wireless modems transmit
modems could be used with the null modem connection. the data signals through the air instead of by
Mobile broadband: Modems which use a mobile telephone using a cable. This type of modem is designed to
system (GPRS, UMTS, HSPA, EVDO, WiMax, etc.), are known work with cellular technology, and wireless local
as mobile broadband modems (sometimes also called area networks.
wireless modems).
WiFi and WiMax: The WiFi and WiMax standards use
A USB modem used for mobile broadband Internet is also wireless mobile broadband modems operating
sometimes referred to as a dongle. 
at microwave frequencies.
 ADSL - Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) ADSL connections
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is
a type of digital subscriber line (DSL)
broadband communication technology
used for connecting to the Internet;
ADSL is a technology for
transmitting digital information at a
high bandwidth on existing phone lines to
homes and businesses.
Unlike regular dialup phone service, ADSL  A special filter, called a microfilter or DSL filter, is
provides continuously-available, "always installed on a subscriber's telephone line to allow both
on" connection. ADSL and regular voice (telephone) services to be used
at the same time.
ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most of  ADSL requires a special ADSL modem and subscribers
the channel to transmit downstream to the must be in close geographical locations to the provider's
user and only a small part to receive central office (telephone exchange) to receive ADSL
information from the user. service.
 ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when
 ADSL simultaneously accommodates
receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and
analog (voice) information on the same from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as
line. the upstream rate).
 ADSL contd. Different frequencies for voice and data

• ADSL works by using the frequency spectrum

above the band used by voice telephone calls. 
• With a DSL filter, often called splitter, the
frequency bands are isolated, permitting a single
telephone line to be used for both ADSL service
and telephone calls at the same time
• FDD uses two separate frequency bands,
referred to as the upstream and downstream
bands.
• The upstream band is used for communication
from the end user to the telephone central
office.
• The downstream band is used for
communicating from the central office to the
end user
.
 INTERNET OVER CABLE

A system with fiber for long distance

and coaxial cable to the houses is
called Hybrid Fiber Coax (H.F.C)
System.
The Electro-optical converters are
known as fiber nodes. The fiber node
can feed multiple coaxial cables due
to the high bandwidth of fiber.
A single cable can be shared by many  While programs are broadcast it does not
houses while in the telephone really make any difference whether there
system, every house has its own local are 10 viewers or 10000, but if the same
loop. cable is used to provide the internet
access, it makes a lot of difference
 INTERNET OVER CABLE contd. Bandwidth allocation for Cable TV network
Spectrum Allocation
It is not practically possible to strictly
use the cable network only for the
purpose of providing Internet
connection. So there has to be a way
of providing internet and cable TV
through same cable.  The upstream channels are
introduced in the 5-42 MHz band
Normally cable channel occupy the
54-550 MHz region in which there is and frequencies at the high end for
FM radio from 88-108 MHz. downstream.
 Total effective downstream
Some of the modern cable operates
above 550 MHz, often to 750 MHz bandwidth is 891 Mbps.
which is used as downstream data.  Total effective upstream bandwidth
is 54 Mbps.
 CABLE MODEM
• A cable modem is a device that enables you to hook up your
PC to a local cable TV line and receive data at about 1.5 Mbps.
• This data rate far exceeds that of the prevalent 28.8 and 56
Kbps telephone modems and upto 128 Kbps of Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) and is about the data rate
available to subscribers of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
telephone service.
• A cable modem can be added to or integrated with a set-top
box that provides your TV set with channels for Internet
access.
• A cable modem has two connections: one to the cable wall
outlet and the other to a PC .
• The cable modem attaches to a standard 10BASE-T Ethernet
card in the computer.
• All cable modems can receive from and send signals only to
the CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) at the local
cable TV company office, but not to other cable modems on
the line.
 ADSL VERSUS CABLE
CABLE ADSL
Uses coaxial cable Uses normal twisted pair
Cable subscribers share the line connecting them to ADSL subscribers share the line connecting them from
neighborhood servers the regional telephone office to the main telephone
office.
While if more customers will subscribe for Cable ADSL users are hardly affected by the number of
connection the performance will drop. existing users, since each has a dedicated connection

if one has Cable and the company is providing Internet Everyone who has telephone connection may not be
access then he can get it. able to get ADSL as he is not close enough to
companies end office.
Any cable user can easily read the packets going down ADSL offers more security then the cable
the cable if its cable provider is not encrypting the
traffic in both directions.
In the case of cable if one amplifier fails all downstream ADSL is more reliable than the cable
users are cut off instantly.
 THE MOBILE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
DIGITAL CELLULAR RADIO
 CELLULAR SYSTEM

Mobile switching
center (MSC)
BS MS

Cell
Public switched
telephone network
(PSTN)

Stationary
phone
Components of cellular network architecture

correspondent
wired public
telephone
network

MSC MSC

MSC
MSC
MSC

different cellular networks,

operated by different providers
GSM- Global System For Mobile Communication
• GSM system has up to a maximum of 124 full-
duplex channels per cell.
• Each channel consists of a downlink frequency
(from the base station to the mobile stations) and
an uplink frequency (from the mobile stations to
the base station). Each frequency band is 200 kHz
wide
• Each of the 124 frequency channels supports
eight separate connections using time division
multiplexing.
• Each currently active station is assigned one time
slot on one channel.
• Theoretically, 992 channels can be supported in
each cell, but many of them are not available, to
avoid frequency conflicts with neighboring cells.
TDM frame of GSM
• If the mobile station
assigned to 890.4/935.4
MHz and slot 2 wanted
to transmit to the base
station, it would use the
lower four shaded slots
(and the ones following
them in time), putting
some data in each slot
until all the data had
been sent.
 GSM Hierarchy of Frames
• Each TDM slot has a specific structure, and groups of TDM
slots form multiframes, also with a specific structure.
• Each TDM slot consists of a 148-bit data frame.
• Each data frame starts and ends with three 0 bits, for
frame delineation purposes.
• It also contains two 57-bit Information fields, each one
having a control bit that indicates whether the following
Information field is for voice or data.
• Between the Information fields is a 26-bit Sync (training)
field that is used by the receiver to synchronize to the
sender's frame boundaries.
• Eight data frames make up a TDM frame, and 26 TDM
frames make up a 120-msec multiframe. Of the 26 TDM
frames in a multiframe, slot 12 is used for control and slot
25 is reserved for future use, so only 24 are available for
user traffic.
• However, in addition to the 26-slot multiframe, a 51-slot
multiframe is also used. Some of these slots are used to
hold control channels used to manage the system.
 GSM Control Channels
• The broadcast control channel is a continuous stream of output from the
base station containing its identity and the channel status. All mobile stations
monitor its signal strength to see when they have moved into a new cell.
• The dedicated control channel is used for location updating, registration,
and call setup. In particular, each base station maintains a database of
mobile stations currently under its jurisdiction. Information needed to
maintain this database is sent on the dedicated control channel.
• Common Control channel:split up into three logical subchannels.
Paging channel, which the base station uses to announce incoming calls. Each mobile
station monitors it continuously to watch for calls it should answer.
Random access channel, allow a mobile station to request a slot on the dedicated
control channel. Using this slot, the station can set up a call.
The assigned slot is announced on the third subchannel, the access grant channel.
 CDM
A m
• Each station is allowed to transmit
using the entire frequency
S T  1
m ST  0
i 1
i i

spectrum.
• Multiple simultaneous m m m

transmissions are separated using S  S 

1
m SS  S
i 1
i i
1
m
i 1
i
2
 1
m  (1)
i 1
2
1
coding theory.
• In CDMA, each bit time is
subdivided into m short intervals
called chips.
S . B = (-1 + 1 -3 -1) / 4 = -1 (indicates that station B has transmitted a 0)
S . D = (-1 +1 +3 +1) / 4 = +1 (indicates that station D has transmitted a 1)
 2.5G
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), which is just
GSM with more bits per baud .
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) : an overlay packet
network on top of D-AMPS or GSM. Allows mobile stations to
send and receive IP packets (packets of Internet data) in a cell
running a voice system.
 Third generation (3G)

Introduced in 2000
Data transmission speeds increased from 144Kbps
to 2Mbps
High quality voice transmission.
Messaging.
Multimedia (playing music, viewing video, films,
television etc.).
High speed Internet access (Web surfing, Including
pages with audio and video).
This generation uses W-CDMA which runs at 5 MHz
instead of the 1.25 MHz of CDMA.
 4G
Anytime, Anywhere
• Started in late 2000
• High speed mobile broadband Internet access, for example to
laptops with wireless modems, to smart phones, and to other mobile
devices.
• Data rates of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps
• Global mobility support - Ability to move around with the same IP
address
• End-to-end Quality- of- Service
• High Security
• Potential and current applications include  mobile web access, IP
telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
 5G

• Late 2010
• The key use of 5G will be in Internet of Things (IoT).
• Internet of Things or IoT is the communication between a large
number of devices (machines or appliances)
• Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet
• Highly supportable to WWWW(Wireless World Wide Web)
Potential Uses of
5G