Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Method for
for solving
solving First
First Order
Order
Differential Equations
Equations
Chapter 2 4
Methods
Reducible
Reducible to
to variable
variable separable
separable
Variable
Variable Separable
Separable
Homogeneous
Homogeneous Equation
Equation
Integrating
Integrating Factor
Factor
Substitutions
Substitutions
Exact
Exact Differential
Differential Equation
Equation
Bernoulli
Bernoulli Differential
Differential Equation
Equation
Separable Equation
Chapter 2
or or
Variable Separable
Chapter 2 6
Separation of Variables
Chapter 2
x
Example y xy and y are separable
y
xy
but y is not separable.
xy
Separable differential equations can often be solved with direct integration. This
may lead to an equation which defines the solution implicitly rather than directly.
Variable Separable
x ydy xdx
Example y
y
y 2 x2
C1 y 2 x 2 C
2 2
How to solve a separable equation
To solve a separable equation, we perform the following steps:
Step 1:
For solutions we write the equation in the form. g(y)dy=f(x)dx
Step 2:
General solution can be solved by directly integrating both the sides
Step3: If you are given an IVP, use the initial condition to find the particular
solution.
Chapter 2 8
Variable Separable Differential Equation Chapter 2
EXAMPLE:
Chapter 2
9
Variable Separable Differential Equation Chapter 2
EXAMPLE:
Chapter 2
10
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 11
Variable Separable Differential Equation Chapter 2
Chapter 2
12
Variable Separable Differential Equation Chapter 2
Chapter 2
13
Note1: If we have 2 y ln y dy 2 xdx
2 y ln y dy 2 xdx ln ydy y ln y y
Integrating by parts
y 2 y ln y y x 2 c
2 y ye dy 2 xdx
y
Integrating by parts
ye dy ye e
y y y
2 y ye dy 2 xdx
Note.2. If we have y
y ye e x c
2 y y 2
y 2 y sin 1 y 1 y 2 x 2 c
Chapter 2 14
Example :
dy 1
Solve the differential equation 1 2
dt y
Solution:
1. No constant solutions as the equation 1has no real
1 2 0
roots. y
2. For non-constant solutions, we separate the variables and
integrate
dy
since
1 1/ y
2
dt
Thus, 1 y2 1
1
1 1/ y 2 y 2 1 y2 1
So that dy 1
y tan ( y)
1 1 / y 2
y tan 1 ( y ) t C
15
3. Since there exist no constant solution, all solutions are
given by the implicit equation found in step 2.
4. This step is not required as no initial conditions are given.
16
Variable Separable Differential Equation Chapter 2
Chapter 2
17
Chapter 2 18
Chapter 2 19
Example :Solve the initial value problem
dy
1 t 2 y 2 t 2 y 2 , y( 0 ) 1
dt
Solution:
Since 1 t 2
y 2
t 2 2
y (1 t 2
)(1 y 2
)
dy
Therefore (1 t 2 )(1 y 2 )
dt
1. No constant solution because there exist no real roots of the
equation 1 y 2 0.
dy
(1 t 2
) dt
1 y
2
20
3
t
tan 1 ( y ) t C
3
Exercise # 2.2
3,6,8,9,10,13,14,19,20,24,27,30
Chapter 2 22
Worksheet #2
• Problem
• (a) Find a solution to the differential equation
• b) Find a solution to the differential
equation
• c) Find a solution to the differential equation
Chapter 2 23