Lift and Lev

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“Lifts & Escalators"

1
Introduction

• A lift or elevator is an appliance to transport men or material two or


more floors in a vertical direction by means of a guided car or platform.
The necessity of lifts in multi storied buildings has been so well
recognized that no multi storied building is planned without proper
provision for lifts.
• It Is in fact mandatory to install elevators in all buildings 24 m in
height.
• Mechanisms of lifting objects through hoists and primitive elevators
were use in as early as the third century B.C. operated by human and
animal power or by water wheel. However after 13th century these
devices were improved with pulley they were capable of differential
speeds like gears; they could move heavier loads.
Introduction

OUTLINE
Introduction

OUTLINE
Introduction

The first passenger elevator was built in 1743 for king Louis
at his palace in France. The one person contraption went up only
one floor, from the first to second, known as “Flying Chair” It was
on the outside of the building, and the king used to enter the lift
via his balcony.

OUTLINE

“Flying Chair”
Introduction

• Now a days there are intricate governors and switching schemes


to carefully control car speed in any situation.
• Buttons have been giving ways to key pads. Virtually all-
Commercial elevator operate automatically and the computer age
has brought in the microchip based capabilities to operate vast
banks of elevators withOUTLINE
precise scheduling, maximum efficiency
and extreme safety.
• Today different lifts Acts and rules govern the installation of lifts
in different cities, which are intended to ensure safe installation
and operation of lifts. However there is no uniformity in these
rules regarding minimum standards of Installations
Construction Aspects of Lifts

• The municipal regulations set out the standard space


requirements for various parts of a building and requirements of
lights and ventilations, the building services, lifts, fire safety, etc.
However, some of these norms occupy the buildings and use lifts,
for which the occupant load should be worked out.
OUTLINE
Construction Aspects of Lifts

• In every building with height more than 16-m at least one lift
should be provided.
• Over speed governor, that operates the safety gear on the car in
the event of it exceeding a certain speed.
• The machine room should be of adequate size of working and
height should not be less than 1.98 m.
OUTLINE
• The machine room should be easily accessible and provided with
locking arrangements.
• The machine-room should not be used as storeroom.
• The machine room should be provided with an insulated portable
hand lamp for examining the machinery.
Lift-Well

• A lift well means the Un obstructed space within a lift enclosure


provided for the vertical movement of a lift car and any counter
weight including the lift pit and the space for top clearance, and a
lift- well enclosure means any structure, which separates the lift
well from its surroundings.
• The lift car is supported on sets of steel ropes, usually four,
clamped to the car sling and to the balanced weight, Two guides at
the point of balance of the car on each side are fixed to the lift well
wall or weight. These guide are T- sections steel accurately
machined and finished to 0.05 mm limits.
Lift-Well

• It is very desirable for that


the inside of the lifts well be
smooth and free from
ledges, recess, etc. The floor
trimming should be very
accurate
Lift pit

• The lift shaft is extended down below the lowest lining into
what is known as lift pit. In this pit are fixed the buffers, spring
type for slower speeds and oil loaded for high speeds, lifts
supported on concrete blocks 40 x 40 x 75 cm.
• The lift pit should be completely watertight and should be
provided with rough Shahabad box type waterproofing
treatment.
• Similarly at the top, head clearance is necessary for overrun,
which is usually 2 m to 4 m it is advisable to provide a ladder to
lift pan.
Lift pit
Lift pit
Landing Doors

• Every lift must have an open able door from which there is access
to landing fitted with landing door. The door must be fitted with
efficient interlocking or other devices so as to secure that the door
cannot be opened except when the lift car is at the landing level
and the lift cannot be moved up/ down from the landing until the
door is locked & closed.
• The doors are made of light weight/ thin materials like sheet-
steel, collapsible steel gates, flush leaf shutter wooden gates. The
minimum size of door should be 700 mm to 2100mm
Landing Doors
Landing cars

• This has been a basic framework of steel angles and channels, which
is called the sling incorporating the fixing for the guide shoes and
the safety gear.
• When the lifting ropes breaks or stretches unduly, or when the
governor operates, if the lift exceeds, the safety gear is brought into
action by the independent steel rope.
• The car can be made of wood panels or of sheet metal or light
framing, there is a considerable range of decorative finish available,
such as aluminium sheet with matt, burnished or anodized finish,
metal faced plywood, plywood or block-board with wood veneer or
plastic veneer or linoleum or rubber sheet.
• It is important that there is good ventilation in the car, either by
simple grills or by concealed Louvers in the roof.
Types of Lifts

• There are primarily two types of lifts- Passenger and freight or


goods lifts, Passenger lifts are provided in apartments, high rise
buildings, and offices etc. The size and speed of lift depend upon
the services expected from lift. In hospitals it is required to shift
patients from one floor to another floor for treatment.
• Therefore it should be large enough to accommodate stretchers
and even the speed is kept moderate in hotels, service boys
require to take food, beverages etc. from kitchens to rooms.
• Goods lifts are provided in industrial buildings to carry material
from one floor to another floor. The size provided is large to carry
big packages. The speed is normally moderate or slow.
Types of Lifts
Size and Number of Lifts

• The size and number of lifts depend on two basic considerations-the


quantity and quality of service desired. Quantity of service gives the
passenger handling capacity of the lifts during the peak periods and
the quality of service is measured in terms of waiting time of the
passenger at various floors. This is a complex matter and there is no
simple formula for determining the most suitable lifts However, the
number of passengers lifts and their capacities, i.e. load and speed,
required for a given building depend on the characteristics of the
buildings.
Size and Number of Lifts

• The most important characteristics are


• The number of floors to be served by the lifts
• The pitch of the floor; i.e. floor to floor height
• The population of each floor to be served.
• The maximum peak Demand This demand may be
unidirectional as in Up/Down peak periods or a two-way
traffic movements.
Handling Capacity

 • The handling Capacity is calculated by the following formula:

H=

• Where,
H= Handling Capacity as the percentage of peak population handled
during five minutes
Q= Average number of passenger carried in a car,
T= Waiting Interval in seconds,
P= Total Population to be handled during peak morning period.
Q= Average number of persons carried in a car.
Handling Capacity
Handling Capacity
Handling Capacity

 • The waiting time (T) is calculated by the following formula,

Where,
RTT = It is the average time required by each lift in taking one full load
of passenger from ground floor discharging them in various floors
and coming back to ground floor for taking the fresh passengers for
the next trip including entry, door opening/ closing, stopping, etc.,
N= Number of Lifts
Example
Find out the number of lifts required in buildings with following
details:
• Gross Area per floor = 1100 sq m
• Net Usable Area= 950 sq. m
• Number of Landing including ground floor= 15 Assuming
Population density = 9.5 sq. m
• Probable Population in 14 upper floors = p = (14 x 950)/9.4 =
1400 s
• Taking capacity of lift as 20 passenger with 2.5 m/sec
• The calculated (RTT) Round Trip Time= 1400 x 2.5 / 20 = 175
sec.
• Average number of passengers carried in a car ( Q) = 20 x 0.8 =
16
• Taking number of lifts, N= 4
• Waiting Interval in seconds (T) = RTT/N = 175/4 = 44s
Example
 Handing capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled
during 5 min period (H) :
=
= 8.3 %
Control Systems
• The control systems include governing starting, stopping and
direction of motion, acceleration speed and retardation of moving
members.
• The various control systems are mentioned below
• Automatic Control
• Automatic Control is a method of operating by which a momentary
pressure on a push button sets the car in motion and causes it to
stop automatically at any required lift landing. Once the passenger
has boarded and indicated the destination the car is exclusive to that
passenger, and will ignore all other landing calls. Until the
destination floor is reached.
• The system is recommended only for light traffic and with manual
entrances to a maximum eight floor.
Automatic Control
Control Systems
Collective Control
• Collective Control is a generic term for those methods of
automatic operation by which calls made by pressing push buttons
in the car and at lift landings are registered. The calls are
answered by the car stopping in the floor sequence at each lift
landing for which calls have been registered, irrespective of the
order in which the calls have been made, and until all calls have
had attended. Collective control of any form is usually not suitable
for good lifts, except where loading is not expected to fill the car
and additional loads can be taken at other stops.
Directional Collective Control
• For two or three cars is a system covering a control in which the
two or three cars in a bank are interconnected. One push with up
and down is required at each landing and the call system is
common to all lifts.
Control Systems

Down Collective Control


• In this system landing calls are registered from a single push button,
irrespective of the car being in motion or the landing door being
opened and calls are stored until answered. Any number of calls can
be registered and the car will stop in sequence in the down direction
at each of the designated floors. This system is suitable to serve for
traffic between the ground and upper floors only, and no inter-floor
traffic.
Attendant and dual Control
• In this system there is provisions for both automatic control and
attendant operation, the transfer of operation being achieved by a
key operated switch in the car. The attendant directly controls the
movement of car by means of a handle operated switches or push
button. Due to improvement in automatic Operation, these types
are sparingly used with exception of an automatic attendant
operation.
Attendant and dual Control
Electrical Requirement
• The lift manufacturer should specify the particulars of full load
current, starting current, maximum possible voltage drop, size of
switches and other details to suit requirements. The electrical
Engineer/ authorized and licensed contractor must ensure that every
detail as approved is followed strictly.
• A separate three phase electric meters must be installed for
individual lift with 400 mm2 x3.5 core copper armoured cables
running from meter rooms to the machine rooms.
• Another 2.5 mm2 x 3 core copper armoured cable should be
provided from meter room to a machine room and again to the
bottom of the lift well.
Electrical Requirement
Electrical Requirement
• Every lift should be provided with two main switches of 32 A
capacity ICP (Iron Cladded Tripped Pole) One main switch should
be provided in meter room and another in machine room.
• The cables from the meter room to lift well should be
underground, and then inside lift well. Cable should run on
backside wall near one of the corner of the lift well up to the
location of main switches in machine room.
Light Points
• Machine room must be lighted with provisions of one tube
light and an additional socket and switch. One external point
should be provided at the entrance door of machine room. In
lift-well, at every floor level except ground floor, one bulb
point with one number of three pin socket should be made.
Arrangements of Lifts

• The lifts should be easily assessable from all entrances to the


building usually near the centre of the buildings. It is preferable not
to have all the lifts in a straight line.
Escalators
• An escalator is a moving staircase. Originally developed in America
and put in use in 1900 Paris exposition a new York subway store.
Today escalators are widely used in departmental stores, offices,
underground railways, air terminals and hotels. In fact wherever
traffic in a short vertical direction is heavy and continuous. An
escalator of 1 m wide travelling at up to 55 m per minute, as well in
tube station, can carry around 16000 people per hour.
Escalators
Escalators

• Escalators are the elevators used for vertical transportation of large


number of people between limited numbers of building levels.
These are power driven stairs and one has to stand in a step and it
takes him/ her up / down in horizontal direction. These stairs have
continuous operation without the help of any operator. The
escalator are in the form of an inclined bridge spanning between
the floors. Two roller hauling chains, precision made, travel over the
spocket pulling the endless belts of steps. Slopes of stairs are
usually 30° horizontal
Escalators
Escalators
• The components of escalators include:
• The structural assembly is a welded steel frame that may require
only infrequent inspections once the unit is installed.
• The drive apparatus includes the electric driving motor, spocket
and a drive chain. The major maintenance requirement for the
drive apparatus are periodic lubrication and drive chain breaks or
fails;
• The emergency breaker controller consists of electrical circuitry of
contacts, relays and circuit breakers. The main control of the
escalator is located near the drive apparatus, and key operated
switches are located at both ends of escalators. These switches
will start, stop or reverse step movements
Escalators
Escalators

• Handrails are driven from the top spocket of the escalator. The
normal maintenance is to synchronize the speed of handrails to the
steps. The comb plate assemblies at the top and bottom must be
clear of all debris, normally a good housekeeping function unless an
object I lodged in the assembly.
• The baluster assembly requires minor maintenance- just keeping
the assembly intact and free of clothing catches, controllers and
steps.
• The standard speed of escalator is 27 m/ min, but most codes allow
a top speed of 37m /min.
• The entire stairway mechanism is built around a bridge type truss
which is supported at top and bottom from beams incorporated in
the building structure. An electric motor is located at the top end
section of the stairway, driving through worm gear, spocket and
chain
Escalators
Maintenance of Elevators
• Only authorized persons, who have been approved by the
electrical Engineer to Govt. can take up maintenance of
elevators. The agency must inspect the lift once in the quarter
and should attend to all calls as and when required. The
agencies is supposed to undertake the routine works such as:
1. Lubrication of wire rope and guide rails.
2. Checking of levels of machine pits.
3. Motor greasing
4. Cleaning of all equipment's
5. Adjustments in electrical circuits, landing gate lock and car
gate switches,
6. Inspection of Hoists way switches
7. Painting of all structural steel members;
8. Electrical circuit diagram of lift installations must be displayed
in conspicuous positions
9. Maintenance of logbook to record book all items relating to
general servicing and inspection
Maintenance of Elevators
The Gujarat Lift and Escalator Rules
2001( Modified up to 2007)
• This act is applicable to the whole of the state of Gujarat
• A permission to erect lift has to be sought from the State
Government by making an application in writing
• Permission to make working of the lift is sought from the
government.
• The existing life user should seek the permission to continue
to use lift within two months of specified date
• Additions alterations to the lifts are not allowed without the
permission of the govt.
• Authority has the wright to enter into any building at any
time for the purpose of inspection after giving reasonable
notice to the occupants.
The Gujarat Lift and Escalator Rules
2001 (Modified up to 2007)
• Authority has a right to order for repairs, alterations to and
discontinuance of lifts in an unusual condition
• The owner of a building in which a lift is installed or his agents
should make all necessary arrangements for inspection.
• The owner or an authorized agent must report any accident that
occurs in that operation of any lifts, which results in injury to the
Inspectors of the lifts. The state govt. may delegate any of the
powers conferred on it at least once in six months.
The Gujarat Lift and Escalator Rules
2001( Modified up to 2007)
Inspection of Lifts
• An authorized officer should inspect every lift at least once in six
months
• Recovery of fees: All fees payable will be recoverable as arrears of
land revenue
• Power of making rules The state govt. may from time to time by
notification in the official gazette, making rules to carry out the
purpose of the act.
• Penalty: Contravention of any of the provisions of this act or
conditions of license or a direction given by the Inspector of Lifts be
punishable with a fine which may extend up to 500 Rs. And in case of
continuing contravention with an additional fine which may extend to
fifty rupees for every day
The Gujarat Lift and Escalator Rules
2001( Modified up to 2007)
Inspection of Lifts
The Gujarat Lift and Escalator Rules
2001( Modified up to 2007)
• Service of notices, orders or documents.
• Every notice, order or document by or order under this act should
be served or left at local office
• Protection for acts done in good faith
• No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings against officers for
an act done in good faith or intended to be done under this act.
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