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Introduction To Soft Computing

This document provides an introduction to soft computing techniques. It defines soft computing as a field that combines fuzzy logic, neural networks, probabilistic reasoning, and related methodologies to create intelligent systems that can deal with real world uncertainty and imprecision. Soft computing techniques allow systems to be human-like, adaptable, and able to explain their decisions. The document gives examples of different soft computing components like fuzzy sets, neural networks, and genetic algorithms.

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Sitanath Biswas
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views

Introduction To Soft Computing

This document provides an introduction to soft computing techniques. It defines soft computing as a field that combines fuzzy logic, neural networks, probabilistic reasoning, and related methodologies to create intelligent systems that can deal with real world uncertainty and imprecision. Soft computing techniques allow systems to be human-like, adaptable, and able to explain their decisions. The document gives examples of different soft computing components like fuzzy sets, neural networks, and genetic algorithms.

Uploaded by

Sitanath Biswas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Soft Computing

Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing


chapter 1

1
Soft Computing

What is covered in this class?


We will teach techniques useful in creating
intelligent software systems that can deal with
the uncertainty and imprecision of real world
problems

Some components of Intelligent systems are


• human-like - they possess human-like expertise
within a specific domain,
• adaptable - they adapt themselves and learn to
do better in a changing environment, and
• explanations - they explain how they make
decisions or take actions

2
Soft Computing

How will we teach the techniques?

We will present
• multiple techniques from Soft Computing +,
• when each technique is applicable
• examples of industrial applications

“If the only tool you have is a hammer, then


every problem looks like a nail”
- anonymous

3
Soft Computing

What is Soft Computing?


Soft Computing is a field that currently includes

Fuzzy Logic
Neural Networks
Probabilistic Reasoning(Genetic Algorithms, BBN), and
Other related methodologies
• Case-Based Reasoning

Soft Computing combines knowledge, techniques,


and methodologies from the sources above to
create intelligent systems
4
Soft Computing

Why is this important?


Farming
The information revolution
corn & cows
going on is allowing us to
Industrial automate information
Revolution processing tasks which require
Manufacturing intelligence much like the
chairs & cars industrial revolution automated
manufacturing tasks
Information
“Soft Computing” techniques
Revolution
have already been applied
Service successfully.
content and code
5
Soft Computing

Soft Computing
“The essence of soft computing is that
unlike the traditional, hard computing,
soft computing is aimed at an
accommodation with the pervasive
imprecision of the real world. Thus, the
guiding principle of soft computing is
to exploit the tolerance for imprecision,
uncertainty, and partial truth to achieve
tractability, robustness, low solution
cost, and better rapport with reality”
- Lotfi Zadeh

6
Soft Computing

Fuzzy Logic
Sets with fuzzy boundaries

A = Set of tall people

Crisp set A Fuzzy set A


1.0 1.0
.9
.5 Membership
function

170 Heights 170 180 Heights


(cm) (cm)

7
Soft Computing

Fuzzy Set Theory


Fuzzy set theory provides a systematic calculus
to deal with imprecise or incomplete information
Fuzzy if-then rules are used in fuzzy inference
systems
If <1> is tall and <1> is athletic then <1> is good
basketball player.

A A’ B B’ T-norm C
w

Z
X Y
8
Soft Computing

Neural Networks
Pattern matching technique where input patterns
are matched with a specific output pattern. Modeled
after the neurons in the brain.

Network architecture
Weights on the links

x1
y1
x2 y2

9
Soft Computing

Genetic Algorithms
An optimization technique

10010110 10010110
01100010 Elitism 01100010
10100100 10100100
10011001 10011101
01111101 Selection Crossover Mutation 01111001
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...

Current Next
generation generation
10
Soft Computing

Other Techniques
Bayesian belief networks
represent and reason with probabilistic knowledge
Decision Trees
classification using tree structure
Least-squares estimator
statistical regression
Hybrid approaches
use multiple techniques

11
Soft Computing

Soft Computing is a Hybrid Method

Neural
Character
x1 y1 dog Animal? Knowledge
x2 y2
Recognizer dag base

dog
12
Soft Computing

How does SC Relate to Other Fields

What is AI?
“AI is the study of agents that exist in an environment
and perceive and act.” (S. Russell and P. Norvig)

“AI is the art of making computers do smart things.” (Waldrop)

“AI is a programming style, where programs operate on data


according to rules in order to accomplish goals.” (W. A. Taylor)

“AI is the activity of providing such machines as computers


with the ability to display behavior that would be regarded as
intelligent if it were observed in humans.” (R. McLoed)
13
Soft Computing

How does SC Relate to Other Fields

What is AI? (Jang)

The long term goal of AI research is the


Broad creation and understanding of machine
Definition intelligence

Conventional AI research focuses on an


Narrow
attempt to mimic human intelligent behavior
Definition
by expressing it in symbolic rules

14
Soft Computing

How does SC Relate to Other Fields

What is an Expert System (ES)?


Questions Inference
Engine
Responses
User
KB
rules
Knowledge facts
Acquisition
Knowledge
Engineer
15
Soft Computing

How does SC relate to other fields?


symbolic automatic
manipulation Machine improvement
AI with
Learning experience

Cognitive Soft Computing


Psychology Statistics

Study of the mind Probability


(not possibility)
uncertainty and imprecision
16
Soft Computing

Soft Computing Characteristics

Human Expertise (if-then rules, cases, conventional


knowledge representations)
Biologically inspired computing models (NN)

New optimization techniques (GA, simulated annealing)

Model-free learning (NN, CBR)

Fault tolerance (deletion of neuron, rule, or case)

Real-world applications (large scale with uncertainties)

17
Soft Computing

The end

18

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