Study of Hydraulic Machines
Reaction Turbines
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY WAH CANTT.
Department of Civil Engineering
Reaction Turbines
The other main type of energy-producing hydroturbine is the reaction
turbine, which consists of
Fixed guide vanes called stay vanes,
Adjustable guide vanes called wicket gates,
and rotating blades called runner blades
Working Mechanism
Flow enters tangentially at high pressure, is turned toward the runner
by the stay vanes as it moves along the spiral casing or volute, and
then passes through the wicket gates with a large tangential velocity
component. Momentum is exchanged between the fluid and the
runner as the runner rotates, and there is a large pressure drop.
Department of Civil Engineering
Reaction Turbines
There are two main types of reaction turbine - Francis and Kaplan.
Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine
Francis turbine is somewhat similar in geometry to a In contrast, the Kaplan turbine is somewhat like an
centrifugal pump, but with the flow in the opposite axial-flow fan running backward.
direction.
If you have ever seen a window fan start spinning in
the wrong direction when wind blows hard into the
window, you can visualize the basic operating
principle of a Kaplan turbine.
The Kaplan turbine is named in honor of its inventor,
The Francis turbine is named in honor of James B. Viktor Kaplan (1876–1934).
Francis (1815–1892), who developed the design in the
1840s.
Department of Civil Engineering
Classification of Reaction Turbines
We classify reaction turbines according to the angle that the flow enters the runner.
1) If the flow enters the runner radially as in Fig., the turbine is called a Francis radial-flow turbine
Inward flow turbines: In such turbines, the water enters the runner at the outer periphery and the flows inwards ( i.e., towards
the center of the runner)
Outward flow turbines: In such turbines, the water enters at the center of the runner and then flows outwards (i.e., towards
the outer periphery of the runner)
2) If the flow enters the runner at some angle between radial and axial, the turbine is called a Francis mixed-flow
turbine.
Francis
Francis radial-flow turbine mixed-flow
turbine
Department of Civil Engineering
Classification of Reaction Turbines
3) If the flow is turned completely axially before entering the runner, the turbine is called an axial-flow turbine.
The main difference between Francis mixed-flow
and propeller mixed-flow
runners is that the runners of the former have a
band that rotates with
the runner, while the runners of the latter do not.
There are two types of
propeller mixed-flow turbines: Kaplan
Turbines have adjustable pitch blades,
while propeller turbines do not. Propeller mixed flow Propeller axial flow
Reaction Turbines
Francis turbines are most suited for heads that lie between the high heads of Pelton wheel turbines and the low
heads of Kaplan turbines.
A typical large Francis turbine may have 16 or more runner blades and can achieve a turbine efficiency of 90 to 95
percent.
Compared to the Pelton and Francis turbines, Kaplan turbines and propeller turbines are most suited for low head,
high volume flow rate conditions. Their efficiencies rival those of Francis tur-bines and may be as high as 94
percent.
In Francis’ turbine runner, the number of the blades is generally between
Classification of Reaction Turbines
Francis Reaction Turbines
Radial (Centrifugal) Mixed flow Axial flow
1. Inward flow turbine 1. Kaplan 1. Kaplan
2. Outward flow turbine 2. Propeller 2. Propeller
Kaplan turbines are called double regulated because the flow rate is controlled in two ways—by
turning the wicket gates and by adjusting the pitch on the runner blades.
Propeller turbines are nearly identical to Kaplan turbines except that the blades are fixed (pitch is not
adjustable), and the flow rate is regulated only by the wicket gates (single regulated).
Department of Civil Engineering
Difference b/w an Impulse Turbine and
Reaction Turbine
Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
1) The entire available energy of the water is first 1) The available energy of the water is not converted
converted into kinetic energy. from one form to another.
2) The water flows through the nozzles and impinges on 2) The water is guided by guide blades to flow over the
the buckets which are fixed to the outer periphery of moving vanes.
the wheel.
3) The water impinges on the buckets with kinetic
3) The water glides over the moving vanes with pressure
energy
energy.
4) The pressure of the flowing water remains
4) The pressure of the flowing water is reduced after
unchanged and is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
gliding over the vanes.
Department of Civil Engineering
Difference b/w an Impulse Turbine and
Reaction Turbine
Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
5) It is not essential that wheel should run full. 5) It is essential that the wheel should always full and
Moreover, there should be free access of air between kept full of water.
the vanes and the wheel.
6) The water may be admitted over a part of the
6) The water must be admitted over the whole
circumference or over the whole circumference of
circumference of the wheel.
the wheel.
7) The work is done partly by the change in the velocity
7) The work is done by the change in kinetic energy.
head but almost entirely by the change in pressure
head.
Study of Hydraulic Machines
Pumps
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY WAH CANTT.
Department of Civil Engineering
Pumps
The word pump is a general term for any fluid machine that adds energy to a fluid. Some authors call
pumps energy absorbing devices since energy is supplied to them, and they transfer most of that
energy to the fluid, usually via a rotating shaft.
Fluid machines may also be broadly classified as either positive-displacement machines or dynamic
machines, based on the manner in which energy transfer occurs.
In positive-displacement machines, fluid is directed into a closed volume. Energy transfer to the fluid is accomplished
by movement of the boundary of the closed volume, causing the volume to expand or con-tract, thereby sucking fluid
in or squeezing fluid out, respectively. Your heart is a good example of a positive-displacement pump
In dynamic machines, there is no closed volume; instead, rotating blades supply or extract energy to or from the fluid.
For pumps, these rotating blades are called impeller blades, while for turbines, the rotating blades are called runner
blades or buckets
Department of Civil Engineering
Pumps
Some fundamental parameters are used to analyze the performance of a pump. The mass flow rate of fluid
through the pump, m, is an obvious primary pump performance parameter. For incompressible flow, it is more
common to use volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate. In the turbo-machinery industry, volume flow rate is
called capacity and is simply mass flow rate divided by fluid density,
The performance of a pump is characterized additionally by its net head H, defined as the change in Bernoulli
head between the inlet and outlet of the pump,
Department of Civil Engineering
Pumps
For the case in which a liquid is being pumped, the Bernoulli head at the inlet
is equivalent to the energy grade line at the inlet, EGLin, obtained by aligning a
Pitot probe in the center of the flow as illustrated in Fig.
The energy grade line at the outlet EGLout is obtained in the same manner, as
also illustrated in the figure. In the general case, the outlet of the pump may be
at a different elevation than the inlet, and its diameter and average speed may
not be the same as those at the inlet.
Department of Civil Engineering
Pumps
Net head is proportional to the useful power actually delivered to the fluid. It is traditional to call this power the
water horsepower, even if the fluid being pumped is not water, and even if the power is not measured in units of
horsepower. By dimensional reasoning, we must multiply the net head of Eq. by mass flow rate and gravitational
acceleration to obtain dimensions of power. Thus,
All pumps suffer from irreversible losses due to friction, internal leakage, flow separation on blade surfaces,
turbulent dissipation, etc. Therefore, the mechanical energy supplied to the pump must be larger than W water
horsepower. In pump terminology, the external power supplied to the pump is called the brake horsepower, which
we abbreviate as bhp. For the typical case of a rotating shaft supplying the brake horsepower,
where ω the rotational speed of the shaft (rad/s) and T shaft is the torque supplied to the shaft.
Department of Civil Engineering
Efficiency of Hydraulic Machines
ηturbine is defined as the ratio of brake horsepower output (actual turbine
output shaft power) to water horsepower (power extracted from the water
flowing through the turbine)
Note that turbine efficiency ηturbine is the reciprocal of pump efficiency
ηpump, since bhp is the actual output instead of the required input
Department of Civil Engineering
FLUID MECHANICS BY YUNUS A.
CENGEL. 2TH EDITION. (MCGRAW
HILL)(AVAILABLE IN SCET LIB.)
FLUID MECHANICS BY JOHN F.
DOUGLAS. 5TH EDITION. (PEARSON)
Reference (AVAILABLE IN SCET LIB.)
FLUID MECHANICS BY E. JOHN
FRANZINI. 10TH EDITION. (MCGRAW
HILL) (AVAILABLE IN SCET LIB.)
A TEXT BOOK OF HYDRAULICS,
FLUID MECHANICS AND
HYDRAULIC MACHINES BY R. S.
KHURMI
