Plant Reproduction

Sexual
Reproduction
Flowering Plants
• Almost 90% of the species in the plant kingdom are
flowering plants.
• Botanists label flowering plants as angiosperms.

• Angiosperms – have seeds in the ovary

• Flowers are the reproductive part structures of the

plants.
- They ensure fertilization of the egg cell within
the ovule.
- They help in the development of the ovary into
a fruit that contains the seed.
Parts of the Flower
Corolla
• It comprises the petals of flowers.

• They are for protection and attraction.

• They contain nectarines that give them their

characteristic scent.
• Their bright colors and scent attract agents of
pollination.
Parts of the Flower
Calyx
• It comprises the sepals of flowers.

Sepals
• They are typically green.

• They protect the flower when it is still a bud.

• It contributes to the process of photosynthesis of

the plant.
• The petals and sepals form the floral envelope of a
flower.
Parts of the Flower
Receptacle
• It supports the entire flower.

Peduncle/Stalk
• It connects the flower to the branch or stem.

These parts comprise the accessory parts that protect

and support the essential parts.
Parts of the Flower

Stamen and Pistil (Carpel)

• They are the reproductive organs of the flower.
Parts of the Flower
Pistil
• It is the female reproductive structure.

• It is made up of three parts:

- Stigma is the swollen tip of the pistil. A sticky

substance covers this part so that the pollen grains
can adhere to it.
- Style is the long, slender tube that connects the
stigma and ovary. It functions as a conveyor for the
pollen tube.
- Ovary is the enlarged basal portion of the
pistil that houses the ovule.
Parts of the Flower
Stamen
• It is the male reproductive structure.

• It is composed of two parts:

- Anther is the expanded and lobular structure

at the tip of the filament. It is the pollen-producing
organ of the flower.
- Filament is the stalk that holds the anther.
Pollination and Fertilization in Flowering Plant
• Pollination occurs when the pollen grain of
one flower reaches the stigma of another
flower.
• The sperm cells from that pollen grain are
released on the stigma.
• The pollen grain grows a pollen tube
downward until it reaches an ovule and
releases two sperms.
• One sperm fertilizes an egg cell.

• The second sperm fertilizes the female

structure called polar nuclei.
Pollination and Fertilization in Flowering Plant
• The union of the first sperm with the egg

cell produces a plant zygote, which

becomes the plant embryo.

• The union of the second sperm with the

polar nuclei produces the endosperm, the

food storage tissue around the embryo.

• It also forms an outer coat that protects the

new seed.
Pollination and Fertilization in Flowering Plant
• Only flowering plants form seeds through

double fertilization.

• Double fertilization happens when one sperm

cell of a pollen grain fertilizes an egg cell while

the other cell combines with a cell called
endosperm.

• Now that fertilization has occurred, the

fertilized ovule become seeds. The ovary grows

and becomes the fruit.

• The rest of the flower dries up and falls.

 Kinds of Pollination
• Self-pollination occurs when the pollen is transferred from the stamen of one
flower to the pistil of the same flower.
• In cross-pollination, the pollen grain is transferred from anther of one flower to
the stigma of another flower of the same kind.
How Pollen is Transferred
• In nature, cross-pollination is the most common method of pollination. It requires
agents to carry the pollen from flower to flower.
• There are many agents of pollination: bees, butterflies, dragonflies, and other insects
may carry the pollen grains on their feet.
• As they flutter from flower to flower, the pollen grains may be transferred from their
feet to the tip of the style.
How Pollen is Transferred

• Water may also transfer pollen grains

from anthers of a flower to its own

stigma, or to stigmas of another flower
of the same kind.
How Pollen is Transferred
• Wind also carries pollen grains. Wind

may blow the pollen grains, and they may

fall on the stigma of the pistil.

• People can also be agents of pollination.

By touching different flowers, they may

transfer pollen grains from the anther of a
stigma to the style of a pistil.
Fruits and Seeds
• A fruit is an enlarged ovary that may
contain seeds.
• Seeds are formed inside the ovary. As the
seeds get larger, the ovary gets larger, too.
• The ovary becomes the fruit and protects
the seeds.
• Fruits are formed according to the structure
of their flower. If a flower has only one ovary,
it produces a simple fruit, which may be
fleshy or dry.
 Structure of the Seed and Embryo
• Plants with seeds reproduce sexually.

• The seed, which is the ripened ovule,

consists of the seed coat, the embryo, and

endosperm.

• The tough, protective seed coat develops

from the wall of the ovule.

• On the outside of the seed there is a scar

called the hilum, which marks the

attachment of the ovule to the ovary.
Structure of the Seed and Embryo
• The embryo develops from the fertilized

egg.

• The endosperm is a food storage tissue

that develops from the endosperm nucleus.

• The nutrients stored in the endosperm

cells are obtained from the parent plant.

• The plant embryo consists of one or two

cotyledons, the epicotyl, the hypocotyl, and

the radicle.
Structure of the Seed and Embryo
• Cotyledons are

modified leaves.
Plants with one
cotyledon are called
monocots, and
those with two
cotyledons are
called dicots.
Seatwork
Part I
Answer the following questions.

1. What are the parts of the flowers?

2. What is pollination?

3. What do we call flowering plants? Give 5 examples.

4. What are the two types of pollination? Differentiate them.

5. Give at least 4 agents of pollination. Explain each.

Seed Dispersal
• Seed dispersal • This also prevents
• This is done by
refers to the process plants to prevent competition among
by which seeds are overcrowding of the same types of plants
scattered, moved, or same plants in a in order to increase
transported away specific area. the chance of
from the parent survival for their
plant to a much species.
wider area.
Ways Seeds are Dispersed
Ways Seeds are Dispersed
Ways Seeds are Dispersed
 Asexual
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
• Some plants reproduce without
fertilization.
• They do this with their stems, roots,
or leaves.
• This type of reproduction is called
asexual reproduction.
• Asexual reproduction does not need
seeds.
• There is no union of a sperm cell and
an egg cell.
Natural Vegetative Reproduction
It is a process by which structural modification is done on the
stem, root, or leaf of a herbaceous or woody plant.
Bulb
• A bulb is a round, fleshy stem found
underneath the ground surrounded by
fleshy leaves.
• Bulbs store nutrients for the plants,

• Plants can grow from these bulbs by

simply taking one bulb from a plant
and planting it.
• Onion, garlic, and lilies grow from
bulbs.
Tuber
• A tuber is an enlarged portion of an
underground stem that contains stored food.
• Along the surface of a tuber are tiny holes
called “eyes”. (These eyes are actually tiny
buds.)
• Each eye develops into a shoot that grows
upward through the soil surface, and this
also produce roots.
• The young shoot uses the stored food of the
tuber until it develops sufficiently to carry on
photosynthesis.
• A white potato is a tuber.
Rhizome
• A rhizome is a stem that grows
horizontally underground.
• It is usually thick and fleshy and contains
stored food.
• Along the rhizome are enlarged portions
called nodes.
• Buds produced at the nodes on the upper
surface of the rhizome give rise to leaf-
bearing branches.
• The lower surface of the rhizome produce
roots.
 Shoots or Suckers
• These are small plants around the
main plant.
• These shoots grow their own roots
and can be separated from the
main plant.
• Bananas grow from suckers.
 Runners
• A runner, or stolon, is a horizontal
stem with buds.
• It grows along the surface of the
ground.
• Bermuda grass and carabao grass
are called runners.
Artificial Vegetative Reproduction
There are other methods that can be used which can artificially
propagate plants. These methods are used to improve the quality and
productivity of plants.
 Cutting
• A cutting is any vegetative part of a plant –
stem, leaf, or root – used to produce a new
plant.
• In stem cutting, a branch or slip is cut from a
plant and placed in water or moist sand.
• When roots develop, the cutting becomes an
independent plant and is transplanted to soil.
• In leaf cutting, a leaf or part of a leaf is placed
in water or moist soil.
• After a while, a new plant develops from
certain cells in the leaf.
 Layering
• A stem is bent over so that a

part of it is covered with soil.

• After the covered part forms

roots, the new plant may be cut

from the parent plant.
Grafting
• Two healthy stems from different plants are

taken and put together.

• This is done by making a spear-shaped cut on

one while the other stem is cut in the middle.

• The spear-shaped stem is inserted in the

center of the one cut in the middle.

• Both are then tied firmly together to fit

properly.
Marcotting
• This is done by removing a portion of
the bark of a healthy stem.
• The exposed part of the stem where
the bark used to be is covered with
coconut husk containing a small
amount of good soil.
• The coconut husk remains that way for
a few days.
• Roots will soon grow on the covered
stem. The stem is then cut from the
tree to be planted.
Advantages of Artificial Vegetative
Reproduction
 Advantages
1. It ensures that the production of new
plants is exactly like the parent.
2. Stem cuttings or grafts made into
mature plants will produce fruit in
much less time than it takes for small
plants to bear fruit.
3. Plants bearing seedless fruits can be
grown only by vegetative
propagation
4. Grafting can be used to obtain higher
yields of fruits or nuts.
How Fern, Moss, and Fungi
Reproduce
Reproduction of Fern, Moss, and Fungi
• They reproduce by spore formation.

• Spore formation or sporulation is common

among fungi and simple plants like mosses
and ferns.
• A spore contains cells enclosed in a thick case
and held together by a structure called
sporangium.
• Upon maturation, the sporangium bursts and
releases the spores.
• The spores germinate into new plants as they
land on an environment with favorable
conditions.
Mosses and Ferns
Mosses and Ferns
• Both mosses and ferns are group of plants that
employ both modes of reproduction.
• They have life cycles that alternate sexual and
asexual reproduction: a sexual gamete-producing
stage and an asexual spore-producing stage.
• These are called alternation of generations.

• In mosses, the sexual gametophyte is dominant in

the sporophyte stage.
• In ferns, the asexual is the sporophyte stage
dominating in the gametophyte stage.
 Mosses
• They require a moist environment for
reproduction and are found on the damp floor
of the forest, shady rocks, and in swamps.
• In mosses, there are separate male and female
gametophytes.
• The male reproductive organ is called
antheridium.
• The female reproductive organ is called
archegonium.
• Sperms released from the antheridium of a
male plant swim through rain or dew to reach
the eggs in the archegonium of the female
plant.
 Mosses
• Fertilization of the egg produces

diploid sporophyte that grows

directly out of the archegonium.

• The sporophyte is a single leafless

stalk that is dependent on the leafy

green gametophyte for
nourishment.
 Ferns
• In ferns, the leafy green dominant generation
is the sporophyte.
• The diploid sporophyte consists of an
underground stem called a rhizome that
grows just beneath the surface of the soil.
• From the lower surface of the rhizome, true
colors develop, which anchor the plant and
absorb water and minerals.
• From its upper surface the rhizome bears
large leaves called fronds.
 Ferns
• Fronds – are rows of small dots called
sori.
• Sori – where monoploids are produced.

• Prothallus - a heart-shaped structure

formed by the germinating spore.
• The sperm can fertilize an egg in the
same plant or it can swim to a different
plant.
• The fertilized egg then grows into a
mature sporophyte, the fern plant.
• The gametophyte then withers and dies.
Fungi
• Fungi form different kinds of spores.

• As a matter of fact among fungi, any part of the body that can form into a
new plant is called a pore.
• Spores can be formed sexually and asexually.
Fungi
• Asexual spores are formed in two ways – by

fragmentation of the existing hyphae and by

the development of a swelling (called
sporangium) at the tip of a specialized hypha.

• Successive cell divisions within the

sporangium give rise to numerous spores that

can be dispersed and later on germinate into
new organisms.
Answer the following.
1. What are the ways to artificially produce plants? Give 2 ways and
explain how they are done.
2. What are the advantages of artificial vegetative reproduction?

3. Give three natural vegetative reproduction. Explain each.

END