1

LAB TESTS
ON TILES
 Prestressed clay / roofing tiles

 Flexural strength
 Water absorption
 Warpage
 SAMPLING
3

CLAUSE8.1 Procedure for Sampling

 For conducting the tests specified in 6 and 7, at

least six tiles shall be selected at random for

every 1000 tiles or fraction thereof in a lot.
 Additional specimens may be taken for tests at

the discretion of the purchaser.

The number
of tiles taken from a lot for tests shall be not
less than 15 in any one lot.
 Flexural strength
4

 Testing material- ROOFING TILES

 IS code- IS 2690:1993 part-1
 Specifications-The average modulus of rupture in
bending of six tiles shall not be less than 2N/mm^2.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED,CALIBRATION
STATUS AND LEAST COUNT
5

DESCRIPTION CALIBRATION STATUS LEAST COUNT

FLEXURAL STRENGTH NO
WEIGH MACHINE YES 1G
SCALE YES 1mm
 procedure
6

 soak the tiles in water at a temperature of 27 ± 2ºC for 24 hours

 Span length is ¾ of length of tile
 support the tile evenly flat wise on bearers set , rectangular tiles
shall be supported along longer face, apply the load with the
direction of the load perpendicular to the span at a uniform rate of
45 to 55 kg/min .
 flexural strength = 150WS /bl^2
 w= breaking load in kg
 s = span in mm
 b = width of tile in mm
 t =thickness of tile in mm
 Tile set up
7
 Breaking load
8
 OBSERVATION SHEET
9

SIZE OF SAP WEIGHT ACTUAL MINIMUMTHICKNESS 150*W*S

SPECIMENS N(M OF BREAKIN ALONG BROKEN EDGE /BT^2
M) CHARGE G LOAD Kg/cm^2

LENGT BREADTH W=W*12 AVREAGE

H (B)
s W T1 T2 T=(T1+T2)/2
(A)

1 250 125 200 5.122 61.464 21.34 21.52 21.43 32.08

2 250 125 200 5.172 62.064 21.48 21.20 21.34 32.95

3 250 125 200 5.150 61.80 21.22 21.30 21.26 32.39

4 250 125 200 5.142 61.704 21.18 21.24 21.21 32.91

5 250 125 200 5.089 61.063 21.62 21.58 21.60 31.41

6 250 125 200 5.112 61.344 21.38 21.40 21.39 32.18

 RESULT
10

 FLEXURAL WET TRANSFER STRENGTH FOR

6 TILE 32.32KG/cm^2
 FLEXURAL WET TRANSFER STRENGTH FOR
6 TILE 3.232N/mm^2
 Water absorption
11

 Testing material- ROOFING TILES

 IS code- IS2690:1993 part-1
 specifications-average water absorption for six tiles
shall not exceed 15% (given in clause 6)
 REFERENCES
12

IS 2248:1992 (STRUCTURES OF CLAY)

 SAMPLING
13

CLAUSE8.1 Procedure for Sampling

 For conducting the tests specified in 6 and 7, at

least six tiles shall be selected at random for

every 1000 tiles or fraction thereof in a lot.
 Additional specimens may be taken for tests at

the discretion of the purchaser.

The number
of tiles taken from a lot for tests shall be not
less than 15 in any one lot.
 Apparatus, calibration status and least count
14

INSTRUMENT Calibration status Least count

Oven Yes
Curing tank
Weigh machine Yes 1g(mention in clause 6.1
(A-2))
cloth
 Procedure water absorption(clause6.1)
15

1. 6 tiles are taken for performing water absorption.

2. Dry the tiles in oven at 100 to 110◦c until constant
mass is reached.
3. Cool the tiles to room temperature.

4. Weigh each tile and record the weight as ,(A) .

5. when cool immerse dry specimen completely in

clean water for 24 hours wipe off surface water
and weigh, (B).
% of water absorption = (B-A)/A*100
 Place the sample in oven and weight it
16
 Place the sample in curing tank and weighting
17
 OBSERVATION SHEET FOR WATER
ABSORPTION
18

S.NO WEIGHT OF SATURATED WATER

DREIED WEIGHT ABSORPTION
SAMPLE(G) SAMPLE(G) %
1 860 994 15.58
2 871 1004 15.26
3 902 1054 16.85
4 891 1020 14.47
5 900 1051 16.77
6 895 1045 16.75
 RESULT
19

 AVERAGE WATER ABSORPTION OF 6 TILE

15.94%
 WARPAGE
20

 Projection or folding in the plane surface is known

as warpage
 warpage should not exceed 1% of length of
tile(given in clause 5.2)
 WARPAGE
21

 Place the tile in the flat surface

 Place the ruler in a diagonal position to the surface
of the tile and the gap between ruler and tile is
measured
 Apparatus ,calibration detail, least count
22

description Calibration detail Least count

Scale yes 1mm
Metallic wedge Yes .038mm or 0.0152 inch
 Measuring the warpage
23
 observation
24

sample War page Correspondin Percentage in Maximum

reading mm g length of % war page(in
war page mm %)
1 0.95 270 0.35
2 0.85 270 0.31
3 0.70 270 0.25 0.36
4 0.75 270 0.27
5 1 270 0.37
6 1 270 0.37
 RESULT
25

 AVERAGE WARPAGE OF 6 TILE IS 0.36%

 TEST ON GRANITE
26
 WATER ABSORPTION and specific gravity
27

 Testing material- GRANITE

 IS code- IS1124:1974
 Specification of granite 2.75 min
 Water absorption 0.50%max
 SAMPLING (clause 2):

28

 Samples are taken from quarried stones and natural rock

 STONES FROM LEDGE OR QUARRY FACE: Inspected to
determine any variation in different strata, difference in color and
structure shall be observed. separate samples of stone weighting at least
25kg each of unwear specimens of vary strata are taken
 FIELD STONE QAND BOULDERS:A detail inspection shall be made
deposits of field stone and boulders over the area where supply is
obtained. Different kind of stones and their condition are noted
 Pieces that have been damaged by blasting shall not be included in the
sample
 Perceptive variation occur in quality of rocks , the purchaser shall select
as many sample are necessary for determining the range of properties
 Apparatus, calibration detail and least count
29

Description Calibration status Least count

Oven Yes
Glass vessel No(not available) 1ml(clause 4)

Glass jar1000ml and No(not available) 1ml(clause 4)

100ml
Cloth
Weigh balance Yes 1g(clause 4)
Chisel
20mm and 10mm sieve Yes
 Water absorption and specific gravity

30

 Test pieces are crushed or broken and the material passing 20mm IS sieve
and retaining on 10mm IS sieve
 Test piece weighing one kg shall be washed to remove dust particles and

immersed in distilled water in glass vessel at room temperature 20±30c for

24 hours and it should be dried properly by wiping them by two separate
dry cloth and its weighed .
 Sample then introduced in 1000ml capacity measuring cylinder and distilled

water shall be poured by means of 100ml capacity measuring cylinder until

it reach 1000ml. Quantity of water added is recorded in ML .
 Sample is dried for 24 hours and cooled to room temperature and weighed

Specific gravity = A/1000-C

Water absorption=(B-A/A)*100
A= weight of oven dry test piece in G
C= quantity of water added in 1000ml jar
B=weight of Saturated surface test piece
 Crushing and sieving granite
31
 Immerse the granite sample in the water for 24 hours
32
 wiping after 24 hours
33
 Weighting the sample
34
 Fill the funnel with water
35
 Fill the funnel with water
36
 Place the sample in oven and weight it
37
 OBSERVATION SHEET
38

DESCRIPTION OF TRAIL
OBSERVATIONS
WEIGHT OF OVEN DRY TEST 996
PIECE IN GRAM=(A)
WEIGHT SATURATED 1000
SURFACE DRY TEST PIECE IN
GRAM=(B)

QUANTITY OF WATER ADDED 622

IN 1000ML JAR(ml)=(C)
APPARENT SPECIFIC 2.61
GRAVITY=A/(100-C)
WATER ABSORPTION IN 0.721
%=100*(B-A)/A
 RESULT
39

 WATER ABSORPTION OF GRANITE IS 0.700%

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GRANITE IS 2.61
 LAB TESTS ON TERRAZZOTILES

40
 content
41

 Definition
 Types of tiles
 Tests on terrazzo tiles
1.Flexural strength
2.water absorption
3.Abration test
4 .perpendicularity, straightness,
flatness
 TERRAZO TILES
42

Terrazzo tiles are flooring tiles made by cement and

aggregate.Itis available in different color
Types
 Plain cement tiles

 Plain colored tiles

Tiles at least 25 percentage of whole wearing surface

is composed of Stone chips in a matrix of plain or
colored Portland cement mixed with or without
pigment
 LAYERS
43

Terrazzo tiles available two type of layers

1. SINGLE LAYER-It having only one layer called

wearing layer
2. DOUBLE LAYER-It have two layers wearing

layer and backing layer

 Terrazzo tiles Materials
44

 cement
1.Ordinary Portland cement
2.Portland pozzolona cement
3.Portland slag cement
4.Rapid hardening Portland cement
5.White Portland cement
 Aggregate
 Color Pigment(Brown ,Green ,Blue ,Yellow,White,Red,
Black)
 REFERENCES
45

1. IS 269
2. IS 8112
3. IS 12269
4. IS 1489(Part 1)
5. IS 1489(Part 455)
6. IS 8041
7. IS 8042
8. IS 44
9. IS54
10. IS 55(OR) IS56(OR)IS 3574(Part 2)
11. IS411
12. IS50(OR)IS 3574(Part 1)
 Determination of water absorption
46

 Testing material- Terrazzo TILES

 IS code- IS 1237:2012
 Water absorption should not exceed 10 percentage
 SAMPLING
47

CLAUSE 15.1 Procedure for Sampling

 The consignment of cement concrete flooring tiles shall be divided into a
number of lots in Accordance. Each lot shall be inspected separately for
ascertaining its conformity to the requirements of this standard. All the cement
concrete flooring tiles in a consignment which are of same type, class, shape and
size and have been manufactured by a single manufacturer from identical raw
material, under identical conditions of manufacture shall be grouped together to
constitute a single lot.
 If the samples drawn for testing one
characteristic can be utilized for testing any other
characteristic, without introducing any prejudice in
the test results of the latter, it would not be necessary
to take fresh samples for the latter characteristics .
 MATERIAL USED, CALIBRATION DETAILS
AND LEAST COUNT
48

DESCRIPTION CALIBRATION LEAST COUNT

STATUS
OVEN YES -
CURING TANK - -
WEIGHBALANCE yes 1g
CLOTH - -
 Determination of water absorption
49

 Procedure
 A sample for each type of tile under test shall
consist of 6 whole tiles.
 Immense the tile in water for 24 hours and weight
the sample take it as M1
 Wipe the tile and place in oven at temperature
65±1ºC for 24hours.weight the sample M2.
 M1-M2/M2*100 and average value shall be reported
 Placing the sample in curing tank and weighting
50
 Placing the sample in oven and weighting
51
 Observation sheet
52

S. NO WEIGHT OF SATURATE WATER AVERAGE

OVEN DRY D WEIGHT ABSORPTIO VALUE OF
SAMPLE(G) OF N, BY MASS WATER
SAMPLE(G) ABSORPTIO
N(%)
1 7.620 7.799 2.34 2.18

2 7.570 7.728 2.087

3 7.499 7.658 2.12

6.
 RESULT
53

 WATER ABSORPTION FOR AVERAGE OF 3

TILE IS 2.81%
 Flexural strength
54

 Testing material- Terrazzo TILES

 IS code- IS 1237:2012
 Flexural strength should not less 3N/mm²
 MATERIAL USED, CALIBRATION DETAILS AND LEAST COUNT

55

description Calibrated status Least count

Flexural strength no
Scale yes 1mm
Weigh balance yes 1g
scale yes 1mm
 Procedure
56

 6 Full size sample taken and soaked in water for 24h.

 Place a test specimen on two supporting rods , with proper

surface uppermost Position the centre rod properly .

 A plywood padding about 3 mm thick and 20 mm wide shall

be placed between the tile and each of the

supports and between the tile and the steel rod. The
length of the padding shall be at least as long as the
tile.
 The load shall be applied gradually and at a

uniform rate not exceeding 2 000 N/min, until the tile

Breaks.
 Procedure

57

 The load P which caused the breaking of the tile

shall be recorded.
The thickness t shall be determined
as the average of two measurements at the location
of the fracture, 50 mm from each edge .
wet transverse strength f shall be calculated as
follows: f=3pi/2bt^2
where
p = breaking load, in N;
i = span between supports, in mm;
b = tile width, in mm; and
t=thickness in mm
 Tile setup
58
 Breaking load
59
 Weigh the lead balls
60
LENGTH(mm)

BREATH(mm)

Span length(mm)

BREAKING LOAD(kg)

Actual breaking load P=W*12*9.81(N)

Thickness t1(mm)
OBSERVATION

Thickness t2(mm)

Average
T=(t1+t2)/2(mm)
TRANSVERSE STRENGTH f=3pl/2bt^2
61
 Result
62

 Wet transverse strength of terrazzo tile

4.95N/mm^2
 Abrasion

63

 Testing material- Terrazzo TILES

 IS code- IS 1237:2012
 General purpose floor tiles
1)average wear 3.5mm
2)wear on individual specimens 4mm
 For heavy duty
1)average wear 2mm
2) wear on individual specimens 2.5mm
 MATERIAL USED, CALIBRATION DETAILS
AND LEAST COUNT
64

instrument Calibrated status Least count

Abrasion machine no -
Scale Yes 1mm
Dial gauge yes 0.01mm
(clause 12.7)
Weigh balance yes 0.1g(clause 12.7)
Granite cutter machine Not available
 ABRASION POWDER
65

 Specific gravity of abrasion powder is between 3.9 to 4.1

 It should contain 95 per aluminum oxide
 While sieving

 355 mic 0%
 250mic 1-15%
 212 mic 45(min)
 180mic70(min)
 150mic 3(max)
 CONTI..
66

 6 samples 70.6mm*70.6mm is taken for testing

 The specimen shall be dried at 110±5ºC for 24 hours and then weighed .
 measure the thickness at five points(four corner and the center)
 fix the specimen in the holding device of cap loading to the centre of
specimen with 30kg
 Take 20g abrasive powder and set 22 revolution
 run the machine with abrasion powder for 110 revolutions at 5 intervals
(after every 22 revolution stop the machine clean the machine with brush and
again run the machine with refilled abrasion powder)
 After 110 revolutions turn the specimen 90 degree and continue the process
for another 110 revolution at 5 intervals revolution
 after 220 revolution is over measure the thickness at five point
 Weighting and measuring thickness of sample
67
 Tile set up
68
 Setting revolution and feeding abrasion powder
69
 Sensor and cleaning
70

Cleaning the abrasion powder after

Sensor counting number of revolution
every revolution
 Turning specimen 90 degree
71
 Measuring thickness after compleation of test
72
 OBSERVATION SHEET
73

SPECIMEN INITIAL THICKNESS(T)(mm) FINAL THICKNESS(t) WEA

SIZE R OT
(mm) TILE
1 2 3 4 5 AVE
1 2 3 4 5 AVE (T-
RA RA t(mm
GE(t GE(t
) ) ))

MM MM
70.6 70.6 23.4 24.9 23.9 24.6 24. 24 22 23.7 23.0 23.2 23 23 1.07
0 0 2 7 7 0 12 .2 .0 2 5 6 .7 .1
2 2 2 5
 RESULT
74

 Weigh before testing W1=245.74

 Weight of specimen after testing W2=237.08

 WEAR THICKNESS=(W1-W2)*T/W1
 =(245.74-237.08)*1.07/245.74
 =0.853mm
 Perpendicularity, straightness, flatness
75

SPECIFICATIO • IS code- IS 1237:2012

N
• Flatness should not exceed 1MM
• Perpendicularity should not exceed 2 %
of length of edge of tile
• Straightness should not exceed 1
percent of length of tile
 Materials, calibratation status ,least count
76

instrument calibration Least count

Scale yes 1mm
Square arm Yes 1mm
Metallic wedge Yes .038mm
 FLATNESS CONCAVITY
77

 Six tiles taken for testing

 Ruler is placed on the surface of tile in concave
side
 Ruler touches the tile at not less than two point in
tile
 The distance between tile and ruler is measured by
metallic wedge by inserting them in between the
gap it is called concavity
 It is repeated for other side
 Measurement of flatness of terrazzo tiles concavity
78
 FLATNESS CONVEXITY
79

 Six tiles taken for testing

 Ruler is placed on the surface of tile in convex side
 Ruler touches the tile at not less than two point in
tile
 The distance between tile and ruler is measured by
metallic wedge by inserting them in between the
gap it is called concavity
 It is repeated for other side also
 Concavity and convexity should not exceed 1mm
 convexity
80

Measuring gap between tike and

scale
 PERPENDICULARITY
81

 Six tile are used for Determining Perpendicularity

 One arm of square is placed along the edges of the
tile, so corner of the square touches corner of tile
and the gap is measured
 And the test is repeated for other two sides
 Flatness should not exceed 2 percent of length of
tile
 Measurement of perpendicularity
82
 STRAIGHTNESS
83

 Six tiles use for testing

 Two corners of tile is connected by fine thread and
the largest gap between thread and tile is measured
 The gap does not exceed 1 percent of the edge
length
 Straightness should not exceed 1 percent of length
of tile
84

THANK YOU
