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Applied Thermodynamics: BITS Pilani

This document provides an overview of the Applied Thermodynamics course at BITS Pilani. It introduces the instructors and textbooks for the course. The course covers topics including vapor cycles, gas power cycles, refrigeration cycles, and psychrometrics. It will include lectures, tutorial tests, a midterm exam, and a comprehensive final exam. Students can meet with the instructor during consultation hours for any questions.

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Anmol Bansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
115 views24 pages

Applied Thermodynamics: BITS Pilani

This document provides an overview of the Applied Thermodynamics course at BITS Pilani. It introduces the instructors and textbooks for the course. The course covers topics including vapor cycles, gas power cycles, refrigeration cycles, and psychrometrics. It will include lectures, tutorial tests, a midterm exam, and a comprehensive final exam. Students can meet with the instructor during consultation hours for any questions.

Uploaded by

Anmol Bansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied

Thermodynamics
BITS Pilani Sachin U Belgamwar
Pilani Campus
Instructor-in-charge : Sachin U.

Belgamwar

Instructors : Satish Dubey, Dileep Gupta,

Anil Jindal and Nikhil Ghakkar

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Text Book:
Nag P.K., Basic and Applied Thermodynamics, Tata McGraw Hill company ltd., 2004

Reference Books:

Arora C.P., "Refrigeration and Air Conditioning” Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing


Company Ltd., 2000, 2 nd ed.
 
Nag P.K. "Power Plant Engineering", Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
2008. 3rd ed.
 
Borgnakke C., Sontag R. E.," Fundamental of Thermodynamics", Wiley India, 2010,
7 th ed.
 

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Course overview
Lecture 1-3 Introduction and Availability and Irreversibility
Lecture 4-10 Vapour cycle
Lecture 11-13 Boilers and accessories
Lecture 14-15 Condenser
Lecture 16-19 Gas Power Cycles
Lecture 20-21 Compressors
Lecture 22-24 Gas Turbine Cycles
Lecture 25-25 Combined power cycle
Lecture 26-29 Refrigeration Cycle
Lecture 30-31 Refrigerant
Lecture 32-33 Vapour Absorption Systems
Lecture 34-37 Psychrometry of Air-conditioning Processes
Lecture 38-39 load calculation for air conditioning process
Lecture 40-41 Thermodynamic Relations
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Evaluation Scheme:

25% Tutorial Test


30% midterm exam (2hrs) (Close book exam)
45% Comprehensive examination (3 hrs) (Close book
exam)
Chamber Consultation Hour :
Thursday - 5 pm – 6 pm (chamber # 2232)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Mid-semester grading: It will be announced normally in the month of October. It is
done in the same manner as that of the final grading

Notices: All notices related to this course will be put on the CMT Web/
Mech.Engineering notice board only.

Make-up Policy: Make-up will be given only to the genuine students. The request
application for make-up test must reach the Instructor-in-charge before
commencement of the scheduled test (documentary proof is essential). No make-
up will be allowed for the tutorial test and quizzes.

 
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
IRRVERSIBILITY AND
AVAILABILITY
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
• Work Potential of the source: Amount of energy we
can extract as useful work.
• Dead State: State of the system when it is in
thermodynamic equilibrium with surrounding (the
properties are denoted by subscript 0).
• Surroundings: Everything outside system boundary.
• Immediate surroundings: portion of surroundings that
is affected by process.
• Environment: Region beyond immediate surroundings

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


• System delivers the maximum possible work as it
undergoes a reversible process from a specified initial
state to state of its environment i.e. dead state.
• This represents useful work potential of the system at
specified state and is called as Availability or Exergy.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Consider a energy Source Q in the form of heat transfer
from reservoir at temp. T

What is the ultimate potential for producing work?

Consider cyclic reversible heat engine

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


T  TO

Constant temperature energy source


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
WrevH . E .  Q  Q0
Q Q0

T T0
 T0 
W revH .E .  Q 1  
 T 
WrevH . E .  Q  Carnot

 T0 
Q 1   Is the availability related to heat
 T  transfer Q
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
T-S diagram for Constant
temperature energy source

1 2

3 4

a b

Area(1-2-4-3)= Available energy


Area(3-4-b-a)= Unavailable energy
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Changing temperature energy
source

Ti  Te

Let us consider the same situation, except the heat


transfer is from constant Pressure source
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
WrevH .E .  Q  Q0

 Q rev Q 0
S   
T T0
WrevH . E .  Q  T0 S

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


An actual control volume that
includes irreversible processes

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


dmC .V .  
  m i  m e
dt

dEC .V .   
  Q j   m i htot ,i  m e htot ,e  W c.v.,act
dt

dSC .V . Qj   
   m i si  m e se  S gen,ac
dt Tj

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


dmC .V .
  m i   m e
dt

dEC .V .
  Q j  mi htot i   me htot e  Q0  W
    rev  rev

dt

dSC .V . Q j 
Q0rev
   m i si   m e se 
dt Tj T0
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q0rev
S gen ,ac 
T0
Q0  T0 S gen ,ac
 rev

 Wcv ,ac  Q0  W
  rev  rev

W  Wcv ,ac  Q0
 rev   rev

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


W  Wcv ,ac  Q0
 rev   rev

  dEC .V .
  Q j   m i htot ,i  m e htot ,e 

dt
 

 dS Q  
   mi si   m e se 
j
 T0 C .V .
 dt Tj 
 
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Now combining the similar terms
and rearrange to become

 T0 
W rev
  1  Q j
 T 
 j 

 
  m i (htot ,i  T0 si )   m e (htot ,e  T0 se )
 dEC .V . dSC .V . 
  T0 
 dt dt 

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


IRREVERSIBILITY

It is defined as the difference between the


reversible work and actual work for a
particular same change of state.
P
REVERSIBLE PATH
2
I  W rev 1W 2 ac
1 2 1 2
1 IRREVERSIBLE
PATH

v
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
I  1W 2rev 1W 2 ac
1 2

 Q0  rev

 T 
S
0 gen ac

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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