Structural Steelwork Eurocodes

Introduction to
Design of
Restrained Beams
 Introduction
Angles:
Angles:
Beams are perhaps the
most basic of structural Hot
Hotrolled
Spanbeams
Span
rolled 3-6m IPE,
3-6m
beams IPE,UB,
UB, HE:
HE:
components.
Span 1-30m
Plate
SpanRoof
1-30m
Plate
Roof girders:
purlins,
girders:sheeting
purlins, sheetingrailsrails
A variety of section
This
This lecture
lecture will
will Most
Most frequently
Span
Light
consider
consider the loading
frequently
Span
Light
the loadingused
10-100m only
used
10-100m onlysections
sections
shapes and beams types
may be useddesign
design of
ofHot
dependingHot rolled
rolled beams.
beams.
Others
Ideally include:
proportioned to
Custom
Others
Ideally designed
include:
proportioned
Custom designedto resist
for
resist
for
on the magnitude of bending
heavy
bending
heavy loads
loads and/or
and/orlarge
large
Cold
Cold formed
formed sections
sections
loading and the span. spans
spans
Castellated
Castellatedbeamsbeams
Box
Boxgirders
girders
 Design of beams …..
 Steel beams can often be designed on the
basis of bending moment resistance by
 ensuring the design moment resistance of
the selected cross-section exceeds the
maximum applied moment
 and checked for stiffness by
 ensuring the beam does not deflect so
much that it affects serviceability
considerations
To be or not to be…Restrained

Beams
Beams which
which are
are unable
unable to
to
move
move laterally
laterally are
are termed
termed
"restrained"
"restrained"

Unaffected
Unaffected by by out-of-plane
out-of-plane
buckling
buckling
(lateral-torsional
(lateral-torsional instability)
instability)
 To be or not to be…Restrained
Beams may be considered restrained if
 full lateral restraint is provided by positive attachment of a floor system to the top flange
of a simply supported beam
 - many designers consider the friction generated between a concrete slab and steel beam
to constitute a positive attachment -
 adequate torsional restraint of the compression flange is provided, for example by profiled
The material presented in this lecture
roof sheeting The material presented in this lecture
assumes
 closely spaced
assumes adequate
adequate
bracing elements restraint
restraint
are provided such that of
ofthethe
the beams.
beams.
minor axis slenderness is low
In practice ititisis the
the designer's responsibility
 Sections bent about their minor axis cannot fail by lateral torsional instability and it is
unlikely thatIn practice
sections with high torsional designer's responsibility
and lateral stiffness (eg RHS) will fail in this way.
to
to ensure
ensurethe
thestructural
structuraldetails
detailsare
are
consistent
consistentwith
withsuch
such an
anassumption.
assumption.
 Moment Resistance
 In a simple single span, failure occurs when
design value of the bending moment MSd
exceeds design moment resistance of the
cross-section Mc.Rd
 Magnitude depends on section shape, shape
material strength and section classification
 Where
EC3 shear force on cross-section is small
EC3 sets
sets this
this limit
limit as
as aa shear
shear force
force of
of
its effect on the resistance moment may be
50%
50% of
neglected of the
the plastic
plastic shear
shear resistance
resistance
 Moment Resistance
is
isthe
thepartial
partialsafety
safetyfactor
factorfor
for
Class 1 and 2 cross-sections:
moment resistance is the design Class1,2
Class 1,2and
and33cross-sections
cross-sections

plastic resistance moment

Boxedvalue
Boxed value==1,1
1,1
Wpl f y
Mc.Rd = M pl.Rd =
 M0
Class 3 cross-sections:
moment resistance is the design
elastic resistance moment
W
Wf
f
e
l
y
e
l
y
M
M
c
.
R
d
c
.
R
d=
M
=
Me
l
.
R
d
e
l
.
R
d=
=


M
0
M
0
 Maximum slenderness ratios
Element
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Flange c / tf  10  c / tf  11  c / tf  15 

Web subject to
bending d / tw  72  d / tw  83  d / tw  124 

Web subject
to compression d / tw  33  d / tw  38  d / tw  42 
c

d
 Moment Resistance

Class 4 cross-sections:
moment resistance is the design
local buckling resistance

Weff f y
Mc.Rd = M o.Rd =
 M1

is
isthe
thepartial
partialsafety
safetyfactor
factorfor
for
Weffeffisiseffective
W effective section
section
Class44cross-sections
cross-sections
Class modulus(see
modulus (see5.3.5)
5.3.5)

Boxedvalue
Boxed value==1,1
1,1
0

Beams with holes in the tension

flange at the critical cross-section
 Check that ratio of net area/gross area of the flange is not so
small that the section would rupture on the net section before
the gross section yielded
 This check will be satisfied provided
Af.net/Af > 0.81 in S275 flange thickness less than 40mm

Af.net/Af > 0.88 in S355

 If not, a reduced flange area may be assumed which satisfies
the limit
Holes
Holesin
inthe
thecompression
compression
Bolt
Boltholes
holesin
inthe
thetension
tension zone
zone(both
(bothwebweband
andflange)
flange)
zone
zoneof
ofthe
theweb
webshould
should may
maybebeignored
ignoredunless
unless
be
beconsidered
consideredsimilarly
similarly oversized
oversizedor orslotted
slotted
1
 
h

Shear Resistance
Cross - section Variation of shear
stress 
b
 As almost all the 
Vhb
4I
shear force is  Vhb  h
carried by the web tf  max 
2I
1 
 4b
h
and since the 
Vhb

variation in shear tw 2I

stress through the Cross - section

Variation of shear
web is quite small it stress 

is sufficiently The pattern of shear stress in an I section

accurate for design assuming elastic behaviour
to assume an
average shear
stress over the
web.
2

Shear Resistance
Plastic shear resistance, Vpl.Rd of the
shear area (Av) is given by:
( fy / 3 )
Vpl.Rd  Av
 MO

Shear
Shearareas
areasfor
fortypical
typicalsections
sections
are
aregiven
givenin
inEC3
EC35.4.6
5.4.6
h
For
For aarolled
rolledIIbeam
beam tw
AAvv==AA--2bt
2btf f++(t(tww++2r)
2r)ttf f
Approximately,
Note:
Note:as 1,04//3
as1,04 3==0,60 0,60
Approximately,1,04ht
1,04htww for
for aarolled
rolledI,I,HHoror channel
channelsection:
section:
pl.Rd 0,60hhttwwffyy//M0
VVpl.Rd ==0,60
M0
3

Moment resistance
with high shear
If the design shear force exceeds Design plastic moment is
50% of the plastic shear calculated using a reduced
resistance,
resistance the design moment strength for the shear area.
resistance of the cross-section is
reduced This reduced strength
It is assumed that under a
(1-)f
y

combination of direct and shear is dependent on the ratio of

stress yielding is in accordance the shear load to shear
with the interaction formula
For an I beam, capacity
reducedbydesign
the relationship,
22
22 22 plastic resistance moment in the  22VVsd 
     presence of shear, Mv.Rd   sd 11

        1
ffy   y  1 VVplpl. Rd 
 y  y
. Rd
 Av2  fy
Mv. Rd  Wpl  
 4tw  Mo
4

Serviceability

 Deflections and vibrations must be limited to avoid:

adverse affects to the appearance
impaired use of the structure
discomfort to the occupants
damage to the finishes and contents of a building
 Acceptable limits for deflections should be agreed
between the client, designer and competent authorities.

For
For guidance
guidance EC3
EC3 Table
Table 4.1
4.1 gives
gives
recommended
recommended limiting
limiting values
values for
for
vertical
vertical deflections
deflections
5

Vertical deflection limits

This
Thisisisthe
deflection
thetotal
totalfinal
deflectionrelative
final
relativetotoaa
straight
straightline
linebetween
between
supports
supports
This Limits
Thisisisthe
thedeflection
deflection
due max
duetotovariable
variable 2
loading
Roofs generally L/200
loading L/250
Roofs frequently carrying personnel L/250 L/300
Floors generally
Important
Important to
toensure
ensurethat
thatoscillation
oscillationand L/250are
andvibrations
vibrations are L/300
not
Floors so
sogreat
notand roofs
great that they
theycause
causediscomfort
supporting
that discomfortto
plaster tousers
L/250
users L/350
Floors supporting
Floors
Floorsinindwellingscolumns
dwellings and
andoffices
officesshould haveL/400
shouldhave L/500
- Lowest
Lowest natural
natural frequency
frequency >>33cycles/second
cycles/second
Flat roofs are vulnerable to ponding
Satisfiedififmax
Satisfied < 28mm
max < 28mm
Necessary
Floors to check roof deflections carefully
Floorsiningymnasia/discos,
gymnasia/discos,
including
Lowest
Lowest natural allowances
naturalfrequency for construction
frequency>>55cycles/second
cycles/second
Satisfied
Satisfied ififmax <<10mm
inaccuracies, settlements of foundations,
10mm
max
deflection of roof materials etc.
6

Summary

 The main design requirement for restrained beams is the

provision of adequate bending strength
 Design moment resistances for cross-sections depend
upon section classification
 Holes in the tension zone of a beam may in some cases
cause a reduction in the moment resistance.
 Co-existent shear forces below 50% of the plastic shear
resistance do not affect moment resistance.
 Where high shear forces occur, the contribution of the
shear area to moment resistance should be deducted
 Serviceability limits on deflection or vibration may control
the design.