1

PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICES IN IT

Lecture 2: Codes of Ethics

Text Book Chapter 03
 Software Engineering Code of Ethics and  Professional
Practice (Version 5.2)
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 Recommended by the IEEE-CS/ACM Joint Task Force on

Software Engineering Ethics and Professional Practices.

 Jointly approved by the ACM and the IEEE-CS as the

standard for teaching and practicing software engineering.
 Software Engineering Code of Ethics and  Professional
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 What is IEEE?
 IEEE, pronounced "Eye-triple-E," stands for the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
 1963, New York, USA
 The world's largest technical professional organization
 IEEE’s Membership composed of engineers, scientists, and
allied professionals. These include computer scientists,
software developers, information technology professionals,
physicists, medical doctors, and many others in addition to
IEEE's electrical and electronics engineering core.
 Software Engineering Code of Ethics and  Professional
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 What is ACM?
 Association for Computing Machinery, an
organization composed of U.S. computer
professionals. Founded in 1947, the ACM publishes
information relating to computer science, holds
seminars, and creates and promotes computer
standards
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 Commitment (as a CS practitioner, professional,

SE):
 Software Engineers shall commit themselves to making
the analysis, specification, design, development, testing
and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected
profession.
 In accordance with their commitment to the health, safety
and welfare of the public, software engineers shall adhere
to the Eight Principles.
 “Public Interest” is central to the SE Code.
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 Eight Principles:
1. PUBLIC:
 Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.
2. CLIENT AND EMPLOYER:
 Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their
client and employer, consistent with the public interest.
3. PRODUCT:
 Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications
meet the highest professional standards possible.
4. JUDGMENT:
 Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their
professional judgment.
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 Eight Principles:
5. MANAGEMENT:
 Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and
promote an ethical approach to the management of software
development and maintenance.
6. PROFESSION:
 Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the
profession consistent with the public interest.
7. COLLEAGUES:
 Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
8. SELF:
 Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the
practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the
practice of the profession.
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1. Public:
 Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.
 In particular, software engineers shall, as appropriate:
1.01. Accept full responsibility for their own work.
1.02. Moderate the interests of the software engineer, the employer, the client and
the users with the public good.
1.03.  Approve software only if they have a well-founded belief that it is safe, meets
specifications, passes appropriate tests, and does not diminish quality of life,
diminish privacy or harm the environment. The ultimate effect of the work
should be to the public good.
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1. Public:
1.04. Disclose to appropriate persons or authorities any actual or potential
danger to the user, the public, or the environment, that they
reasonably believe to be associated with software or related
documents.
1.05. Cooperate in efforts to address matters of grave public concern caused
by software, its installation, maintenance, support or documentation.
1.06.  Be fair and avoid deception in all statements, particularly public ones,
concerning software or related documents, methods and tools.
1.07. Consider issues of physical disabilities, allocation of resources,
economic disadvantage and other factors that can diminish access to
the benefits of software.
1.08.  Be encouraged to volunteer professional skills to good causes and to
contribute to public education concerning the discipline.
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2. Client and Employer:

 Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests
of their client and employer, consistent with the public interest.
 In particular, software engineers shall, as appropriate:
2.01. Provide service in their areas of competence, being honest and
forthright about any limitations of their experience and education.
2.02. Not knowingly use software that is obtained or retained either illegally
or unethically.
2.03. Use the property of a client or employer only in ways properly
authorized, and with the client's or employer's knowledge and
consent.
2.04. Ensure that any document upon which they rely has been approved,
when required, by someone authorized to approve it.
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2. Client and Employer:

2.05. Keep private any confidential information gained in their professional
work, where such confidentiality is consistent with the public interest and
consistent with the law.
2.06. Identify, document, collect evidence and report to the client or the
employer promptly if, in their opinion, a project is likely to fail, to prove
too expensive, to violate intellectual property law, or otherwise to be
problematic.
2.07. Identify, document, and report significant issues of social concern, of
which they are aware, in software or related documents, to the employer or
the client.
2.08. Accept no outside work detrimental to the work they perform for their
primary employer.
2.09. Promote no interest adverse to their employer or client, unless a higher
ethical concern is being compromised; in that case, inform the employer or
another appropriate authority of the ethical concern.
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3. Product:
 Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related
modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.
 In particular, software engineers shall, as appropriate:
3.01. Strive for high quality, acceptable cost, and a reasonable schedule,
ensuring significant tradeoffs are clear to and accepted by the
employer and the client, and are available for consideration by the
user and the public.
3.02. Ensure proper and achievable goals and objectives for any project on
which they work or propose.
3.03. Identify, define and address ethical, economic, cultural, legal and
environmental issues related to work projects.
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3. Product:
3.04. Ensure that they are qualified for any project on which they work or propose
to work, by an appropriate combination of education, training, and
experience.
3.05. Ensure that an appropriate method is used for any project on which they work
or propose to work.
3.06. Work to follow professional standards, when available, that are most
appropriate for the task at hand, departing from these only when ethically or
technically justified.
3.07. Strive to fully understand the specifications for software on which they work.
3.08. Ensure that specifications for software on which they work have been well
documented, satisfy the users' requirements and have the appropriate
approvals.
3.09. Ensure realistic quantitative estimates of cost, scheduling, personnel, quality
and outcomes on any project on which they work or propose to work and
provide an uncertainty assessment of these estimates.
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3. Product:
3.10. Ensure adequate testing, debugging, and review of software and
related documents on which they work.
3.11. Ensure adequate documentation, including significant problems
discovered and solutions adopted, for any project on which they
work.
3.12. Work to develop software and related documents that respect the
privacy of those who will be affected by that software.
3.13. Be careful to use only accurate data derived by ethical and lawful
means, and use it only in ways properly authorized.
3.14. Maintain the integrity of data, being sensitive to outdated or flawed
occurrences.
3.15 Treat all forms of software maintenance with the same
professionalism as new development.
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4. Judgment:
 Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in
their professional judgment.
 In particular, software engineers shall, as appropriate:
4.01. Temper all technical judgments by the need to support and maintain
human values.
4.02 Only endorse documents either prepared under their supervision or
within their areas of competence and with which they are in
agreement.
4.03. Maintain professional objectivity with respect to any software or
related documents they are asked to evaluate.
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4. Judgment:
4.04. Not engage in deceptive financial practices such as bribery, double
billing, or other improper financial practices.

4.05. Disclose to all concerned parties those conflicts of interest that

cannot reasonably be avoided or escaped.

4.06. Refuse to participate, as members or advisors, in a private,

governmental or professional body concerned with software related
issues, in which they, their employers or their clients have
undisclosed potential conflicts of interest.
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5. Management:
 Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and
promote an ethical approach to the management of software
development and maintenance.
 In particular, those managing or leading software engineers shall, as
appropriate:
5.01 Ensure good management for any project on which they work, including
effective procedures for promotion of quality and reduction of risk.
5.02. Ensure that software engineers are informed of standards before being
held to them.
5.03. Ensure that software engineers know the employer's policies and
procedures for protecting passwords, files and information that is
confidential to the employer or confidential to others.
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5. Management:
5.04. Assign work only after taking into account appropriate contributions of
education and experience tempered with a desire to further that education and
experience.
5.05. Ensure realistic quantitative estimates of cost, scheduling, personnel, quality
and outcomes on any project on which they work or propose to work, and
provide an uncertainty assessment of these estimates.
5.06. Attract potential software engineers only by full and accurate description of
the conditions of employment.
5.07. Offer fair and just remuneration.
5.08. Not unjustly prevent someone from taking a position for which that person is
suitably qualified.
5.09. Ensure that there is a fair agreement concerning ownership of any software,
processes, research, writing, or other intellectual property to which a software
engineer has contributed.
5.10. Provide for due process in hearing charges of violation of an employer's
policy or of this Code.
5.11. Not ask a software engineer to do anything inconsistent with this Code.
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6. Profession:
 Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of

the profession consistent with the public interest.

 In particular, software engineers shall, as appropriate:

6.01. Help develop an organizational environment favorable to acting ethically.

6.02. Promote public knowledge of software engineering.
6.03. Extend software engineering knowledge by appropriate participation in
professional organizations, meetings and publications.
6.04. Support, as members of a profession, other software engineers striving to
follow this Code.
6.05. Not promote their own interest at the expense of the profession, client or
employer.
6.06. Obey all laws governing their work, unless, in exceptional
circumstances, such compliance is inconsistent with the public interest.
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6. Profession:
6.07. Be accurate in stating the characteristics of software on which they work, avoiding not
only false claims but also claims that might reasonably be supposed to be speculative,
vacuous, deceptive, misleading, or doubtful.
6.08. Take responsibility for detecting, correcting, and reporting errors in software and
associated documents on which they work.
6.09. Ensure that clients, employers, and supervisors know of the software engineer's
commitment to this Code of ethics, and the subsequent ramifications of such
commitment.
6.10. Avoid associations with businesses and organizations which are in conflict with this
code.
6.11. Recognize that violations of this Code are inconsistent with being a professional
software engineer.
6.12. Express concerns to the people involved when significant violations of this Code are
detected unless this is impossible, counter-productive, or dangerous.
6.13. Report significant violations of this Code to appropriate authorities when it is clear that
consultation with people involved in these significant violations is impossible,
counter-productive or dangerous.
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7. Colleagues:
 Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their
colleagues.
 In particular, software engineers shall, as appropriate:
7.01. Encourage colleagues to adhere to this Code.
7.02. Assist colleagues in professional development.
7.03. Credit fully the work of others and refrain from taking undue credit.
7.04. Review the work of others in an objective, candid, and properly-
documented way.
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7. Colleagues:
7.05. Give a fair hearing to the opinions, concerns, or complaints of a colleague.
7.06. Assist colleagues in being fully aware of current standard work practices
including policies and procedures for protecting passwords, files and other
confidential information, and security measures in general.
7.07. Not unfairly intervene in the career of any colleague; however, concern for
the employer, the client or public interest may compel software engineers, in
good faith, to question the competence of a colleague.
7.08. In situations outside of their own areas of competence, call upon the
opinions of other professionals who have competence in that area.
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8. Self:
 Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding
the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical
approach to the practice of the profession.
 In particular, software engineers shall continually endeavor to:
8.01. Further their knowledge of developments in the analysis, specification,
design, development, maintenance and testing of software and related
documents, together with the management of the development process.
8.02. Improve their ability to create safe, reliable, and useful quality software at
reasonable cost and within a reasonable time.
8.03. Improve their ability to produce accurate, informative, and well-written
documentation.
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8. Self:
8.04. Improve their understanding of the software and related documents on
which they work and of the environment in which they will be used.
8.05. Improve their knowledge of relevant standards and the law governing
the software and related documents on which they work.
8.06 Improve their knowledge of this Code, its interpretation, and its
application to their work.
8.07 Not give unfair treatment to anyone because of any irrelevant
prejudices.
8.08. Not influence others to undertake any action that involves a breach of
this Code.
8.09. Recognize that personal violations of this Code are inconsistent with
being a professional software engineer.
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ACM CODE OF ETHICS AND

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

Developed by the Task Force for the Revision of the ACM Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct.
 ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
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 Contents / Coverage:
1. General Moral Imperatives
2. More Specific Professional Responsibilities
3. Organizational Leadership Imperatives
4. Compliance with the Code
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1. General Moral Imperatives:

As an ACM member I will...
1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being.
1.2 Avoid harm to others.
1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.
1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.
1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and patent.
1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual property.
1.7 Respect the privacy of others.
1.8 Honor confidentiality.
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2. More Specific Professional Responsibilities:

As an ACM member I will...
2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in
both the process and products of professional work.
2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.
2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.
2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems
and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.
2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.
2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.
2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when
authorized to do so.
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3. Organizational Leadership Imperatives:

As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will...
3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational
unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities.
3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build information
systems that enhance the quality of working life.
3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an
organization's computing and communication resources.
3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system have
their needs clearly articulated during the assessment and design of
requirements; later the system must be validated to meet
requirements.
3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users and
others affected by a computing system.
3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the
principles and limitations of computer systems.
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4. Compliance with the Code:

As an ACM member I will...

4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of this Code.

4.2 Treat violations of this code as inconsistent with membership in the ACM.