Scribd
Upload
105 views17 pages

Chap2 (A) Metrology

This chapter discusses measurement standards, geometric features of parts, linear and angle measurement techniques, measuring geometric features like straightness and flatness, go/no-go concepts using fixed gages, and coordinate measuring machines. Key points covered include the importance of tolerances, common measurement terms like resolution, precision and accuracy, using tools like calipers, profile projectors, and sine bars to measure linear and angular dimensions, and using CMMs for precise 3D measurements.

Uploaded by

jojo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
105 views17 pages

Chap2 (A) Metrology

This chapter discusses measurement standards, geometric features of parts, linear and angle measurement techniques, measuring geometric features like straightness and flatness, go/no-go concepts using fixed gages, and coordinate measuring machines. Key points covered include the importance of tolerances, common measurement terms like resolution, precision and accuracy, using tools like calipers, profile projectors, and sine bars to measure linear and angular dimensions, and using CMMs for precise 3D measurements.

Uploaded by

jojo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Chapter 2:

Metrology and Tolerances


Chapter Outline

1. Introduction
2. Measurement Standards
3. Geometric Features of Parts; Analog and
Digital Measurements
4. Linear Measurement
5. Measuring Geometric Features
6. Go and NO GO Concept
7. Coordinate Measuring Machine
8. Fits and Tolerances
Introduction
 Engineering metrology is defined as the
measurement of dimensions
 Measurements made after the part has
been produced is known as post-process
inspection
 Tolerances are important due to the impact
on the proper functioning of a product, part
interchangeability and manufacturing costs
Measurement Standards
 Metric system; decimal systems of
measurement based on its units for
length(meter) and for mass(kg)
 International systems of unit (SI): revision of
metric system. i.e meter,kg,sec, kelvin,
ampere
 Imperial system i.e inches, feet, yards
Common terms:

1. Resolution is the smallest difference in


dimensions
2. Precision is how close the measured
values are to each other.
3. Accuracy is how close a measured value
is to the actual (true) value.
Accuracy Versus Precision in Processes
 Accuracy- ability to hit
what is aimed at
 Precision- repeatability
of the process
 Measuring devices
must be both precise
and accurate
 Skill of the operator
may also have to be
taken into account for
Accuracy versus precision. Dots in targets represent
measurements
location of shots. Cross (X) represents the location of the
average positions of all shots.
Accuracy, precision and statistic

 To evaluate the precision of data, we


commonly use statistical tools such as the
average (or mean) and the standard
deviation.
 The smaller the standard deviation, s
produce precise measurement data.
Linear & Angle Measurement

Linear Measurement
 They are calipers and dividers without any
graduated scales
 Used to transfer the measured size to a direct-
reading instrument
Angle Measurement
1. Profile projector (optical comparator): magnify
part with optical device
2. Bevel protractor:
3. Sine bar: angle calculated from trigo-relationships
Linear & Angle Measurement

Bevel protractor
Profile projector
Linear & Angle Measurement:
Sine bar

Dial indicator: to ensure flat surfaceconverts a linear


displacement into a radial movement to measure over
a small range of movement for the plunger.
Measuring Geometric Features
Straightness
 Checked with a dial indicator

 Autocollimator accurately measure small

angular deviations on a flat surface


 Laser beams used to align individual

machine elements in the assembly of


machine components
Measuring Geometric Features
Flatness
 Measured by mechanical means with a

surface plate and a dial indicator


 Interferometer uses an optical flat, when

surfaces are not flat the fringes are curved


Measuring Geometric Features
Roundness
 A deviation from true roundness

 Methods of measuring roundness:

1. V-block

2. Circular tracing
Measuring Using Go and NO GO
Concept
 It is not always necessary to know exact
dimensions
 Attribute-type instruments are called gages
 Fixed-type gages
 Gage only one dimension and indicate whether it
is larger or smaller than some standard
 Plug gage, go/no go gage, step-type gage, snap
gage, ring gage
Measuring Using Go and NO GO
Concept
Figure 10-36 Go and no-go (on right) ring
gages for checking a shaft. (Courtesy of Figure Plain plug gage having the
Automation and Measurement Division, Go member on the left end
Bendix Corporation.) (1.1250-in. diameter) and No-Go
member on the right end.
(Courtesy of Sheffield.)
Coordinate Measuring Machines
 Precise, three-
dimensional
measurements
 Measurements are
made in the x, y, and z
directions
 Computer routines can
give the best fit to the
feature
Figure Coordinate measuring machine with inset
 High resolution ~ showing probe and a part being measured.

0.25micron
Coordinate Measuring Machines

Coordinate-measuring Machine for Car


Bodies
 A large coordinate-measuring machine with

two heads measuring various dimensions


on a car body

You might also like