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Expert Systems

Expert systems are knowledge-based programs that use a knowledge base and inference engine to provide expert-level solutions to problems in a specific domain. They are built through several phases including identifying the problem features, conceptualizing the concepts and relations needed for problem-solving, formalizing the knowledge, implementing a prototype system, and testing the prototype with domain experts. The key components of an expert system are the knowledge base containing static and dynamic databases, the inference engine for deriving new knowledge, and interfaces for human experts, users, and providing explanations.

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39 views9 pages

Expert Systems

Expert systems are knowledge-based programs that use a knowledge base and inference engine to provide expert-level solutions to problems in a specific domain. They are built through several phases including identifying the problem features, conceptualizing the concepts and relations needed for problem-solving, formalizing the knowledge, implementing a prototype system, and testing the prototype with domain experts. The key components of an expert system are the knowledge base containing static and dynamic databases, the inference engine for deriving new knowledge, and interfaces for human experts, users, and providing explanations.

Uploaded by

mk
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Expert System

Expert Systems (ES)


● Expert systems are knowledge based programs which
provide expert quality solutions to the problems in
specific domain of applications.
● The core components of expert system are
− knowledge base and
− navigational capability (inference engine)
● Generally its knowledge is extracted from human
experts in the domain of application by knowledge
Engineer.
− Often based on useful thumb rules and experience rather
than absolute certainties.
● A process of gathering knowledge from domain expert
and codifying it according to the formalism is called
knowledge engineering.
Phases in building Expert System
● There are different interdependent and overlapping
phases in building an expert system as follows:
● Identification Phase:
− Knowledge engineer finds out important features of the
problem with the help of domain expert (human).
− He tries to determine the type and scope of the problem, the
kind of resources required, goal and objective of the ES.
● Conceptualization Phase:
− In this phase, knowledge engineer and domain expert decide
the concepts, relations and control mechanism needed to
describe a problem solving.
Cont…
● Formalization Phase:
− It involves expressing the key concepts and relations in some
framework supported by ES building tools.
− Formalized knowledge consists of data structures, inference
rules, control strategies and languages for implementation.
●  Implementation Phase:
− During this phase, formalized knowledge is converted to
working computer program initially called prototype of the
whole system.
● Testing Phase:
− It involves evaluating the performance and utility of prototype
systems and revising it if need be. Domain expert evaluates
the prototype system and his feedback help knowledge
engineer to revise it.
Expert System Architecture
Expert System
Inference Engine
Special Interfaces
Inference & Control

Human Case History


Expert Knowledge Acquisition
& Learning Module
Knowledge Base

Static database
User User Interface

Dynamic database
(working memory)

Explanation Module

Fig: Architecture of Expert System


Knowledge Base (KB)
· KB consists of knowledge about problem domain in the
form of static and dynamic databases.
· Static knowledge consists of
− rules and facts which is complied as a part of the system and
does not change during execution of the system.
· Dynamic knowledge consists of facts related to a
particular consultation of the system.
− At the beginning of the consultation, the dynamic knowledge
base often called working memory is empty.
− As a consultation progresses, dynamic knowledge base grows
and is used along with static knowledge in decision making.
· Working memory is deleted at the end of consultation
of the system.
Inference Engine
· It consists of inference mechanism and control strategy.
· Inference means search through knowledge base and
derive new knowledge.
· It involve formal reasoning involving matching and
unification similar to the one performed by human
expert to solve problems in a specific area of
knowledge.
· Inference operates by using modus ponen rule.
· Control strategy determines the order in which rules are
applied.
· There are mainly two types of control mechanism viz.,
forward chaining and backward chaining.
Knowledge Acquisition
● Knowledge acquisition module allows system to
acquire knowledge about the problem domain.
● Sources of Knowledge for ES
− text books, reports, case studies,
− empirical data and
− domain expert experience.
● Updation of Knowledge can be done using
knowledge acquisition module of the system.
− insertion,
− deletion and
− updation of existing knowledge

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