Protective Relays1

PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Function of Relays:
Interrupt any element of power system
under abnormal operation of the system. The relay equipment is
aided to perform this task by its C.B.
Characteristics of Relays:
Sensitivity :Detect abnormality what ever small it may be.
Selectivity :It will be able to differentiate the faulty current and
the healthy current or normal load current.
Speed :Relay should be speedy and fast acting expect when
intentional relay is incorporated.
Reliability: The protective relay should be very reliable. They are
two types of relays. Primary relay
Back up relay
Primary relays are quick in action and back up relays are
slow in action
Protection For Traction Sub-Station
I. HV Side Protection
II. Transformer Protection
III. LV Side Protection
IV. Feeder Side Protection
V. Capacitor Bank Protection
HV SIDE PROTECTION
HV OCR Instantaneous Relay:
*Provided for instantaneous protection against OHE to earth fault that
occur nearer to the sub station.
*Reduced time of operation for a higher fault current.
*Effective, only when the impedance is small compared to the fault near
‘SP’.
RHV (Restricted Earth Fault) Relay:
*Provided as backup protection for the internal earth faults of the transformer.
*It is a sensitive, high speed, earth leakage protection relay.
*Relays are provided separately for both primary and secondary side of the transformer.
*The current setting for the relays shall be adjustable between 20% and 40% of 5Amps in equal steps at
5%.
HV OCR IDMTL Relay :
*Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag Relay works on single pole non directional Over
Current Relay with inverse definite time lag characteristics.
* It responds to over load on Transformer.
* These relays are provided both on primary and secondary of the transformer.
*Setting of over current relays is on primary side 400 to 600%.
IDMTL setting 80 to 320%.
TRANSFORMER SIDE
* Differential Relay:
This protection is against an internal fault of the transformer .This works on the principle of
unbalanced current between C.T's provided on 132kV and 25 kV bushings of the transformer.
To avoid unwanted operations of the relay percentage bias differential relays are used.
Difference of current
% bias = ------------------------------- x100
Total current
* Buchholz Relay :
It is gas and oil actuated relay . It acts when, some gases (due to shorting of windings )
gets entrapped in Buchholz .These gases are mainly due to melting of insulation materials
during any short circuit or due continuous heat of the transformer.
* Pressure Relief Device: It responds to high pressure built inside the transformer due to various
reasons like short circuit, shocks etc
*Oil Temperature Indicator: It responds when there is much temperature built in transformer oil,
For Alarm: 75 degree centigrade.
For Tripping: 85 degree centigrade.
*Winding Temperature Indicator: It responds when there is much temperature built at
transformer windings,
For Alarm: 85 degree centigrade.
For Tripping: 95 degree centigrade.
LV SIDE
OCR IDMTL Relay:
*Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag Relay works on single pole non
directional Over
Current Relay with inverse definite time lag characteristics.
* It responds to over load on Transformer.
* These relays are provided both on primary and secondary of the transformer.
*Setting of over current relays is on primary side 400 to 600%.
IDMTL setting 80 to 320%.
RLV:
*Provided as backup protection for the internal earth faults of the transformer.
*It is a sensitive, high speed, earth leakage protection relay.
*Relays are provided separately for both primary and secondary side of the transformer.
*The current setting for the relays shall be adjustable between 20% and 40% of 5Amps in equal
steps at 5%.
FEEDER SIDE
OCR Instantaneous Relay:
*Provided for instantaneous protection against OHE to earth fault that occur nearer to the sub-station.
*Reduced time of operation for a higher fault current.
*Effective, only when the impedance is small compared to the fault near ‘SP’.
Distance Protection Relay:
*Provided for protection of OHE against the fault occurring at a location far away from the substation
which is not detected by the Instantaneous Over current relay and which is the within the feeding
zone.
*It works similar to MHO Relay. The MHO relay can sense fault if there is a difference in phase
angle of load current and short circuit (fault) current.
*It has the first zone of operation from 0.33ohms to 12ohms and an extended zone of operation up to
600 ohms.
Wrong Phase Coupling Relay:
*Provided for protection of OHE when there is an accidental bridging of two phases.
*It works similar to Distance Protection Relay except that the relay operates beyond its reach that is it
operates beyond the feeding zone. The maximum fault angle is set up for 124 that is ,it gives
protection for fault where phase angle ranges from 75 to 125.
*If the two phases are bridged at neutral section a circulating short circuit current is set up between the
two stations and the rated voltage may be higher or less than 25kV.
*If the voltage is higher OCR will trip and in case the voltage is less the wrong phase coupling will
operate.
FEEDER SIDE (CONTINUED)
Panto Flash Over Relay:
*Whenever there is an intermittent fault in one section of the insulated overlap (IOL)and the
electric train enters from healthy section to the section which is fault, heavy flashover may
occur particularly when panto leaves the IOLwhich may damage the panto as well as OHE.
The bridging of IOL may occur even when there is feed extension.
* It is a numerical relay which is provided in front of Traction Substation Insulated Overlap, to
prevent the bridging of panto from live to dead. It uses the logical sequence to prevent the
bridging of Panto and trip the healthy CB.
Delta I Relay:
* It is a high resistive fault selection relay.
*It operates to prevent damage to OHE when any of OCR,WPC,DPR relays provided does not
function.
Auto Reclosure Relay for Feeder Circuit Breaker:
* It has been adopted to facilitate Reclosing of 25kV feeder circuit breaker automatically after
a pre-set time delay on tripping of the circuit breaker on OHE faults which will help in
quick restoration of traction power supply to OHE, if the fault is transient in nature.
*It will also help in checking / restricting the continuous of arc in the event of panto graph of a
moving locomotive causing the over lap opposite to Traction Substation (feeding post) at
some moments and thus protecting the OHE.
CAPACITOR BANK SIDE
 Unbalanced Current Relay
 OCR IDMTL Relay
 Under Voltage Relay
 Over Voltage Relay
 Time Delay Relay

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