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Introduction To Statistics: Prepared By: Engr. Gilbey'S Jhon - Ladion Instructor

The document provides an introduction to statistics, including a brief history of its origins and definitions. It describes how statistics originated from the words "status" and "statista" and was first used by rulers to gather population information. It defines statistics as the numerical analysis of facts from data collection. The two main branches are described as descriptive statistics, which deals with data presentation, and inferential statistics, which uses sampling to make conclusions. Primary data collection methods like questionnaires and secondary data sources are also outlined.

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Mark B. Barroga
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245 views25 pages

Introduction To Statistics: Prepared By: Engr. Gilbey'S Jhon - Ladion Instructor

The document provides an introduction to statistics, including a brief history of its origins and definitions. It describes how statistics originated from the words "status" and "statista" and was first used by rulers to gather population information. It defines statistics as the numerical analysis of facts from data collection. The two main branches are described as descriptive statistics, which deals with data presentation, and inferential statistics, which uses sampling to make conclusions. Primary data collection methods like questionnaires and secondary data sources are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Mark B. Barroga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
Prepared by:
Engr. GILBEY’S JHON – LADION
Instructor

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 1
Brief History on the Origin of Statistics

■ Derived from the Latin word “STATUS” or Italian word


“STATISTA” meaning political state or government.
■ William Shakespeare first used the word, “STATIST”, in
his drama the Hamlet (1602).
■ First used by rulers and kings to gather information about
their land, agriculture, commerce and population.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 2
Brief History on the Origin of Statistics

■ In 1749, Gottfried Achenwall used the word


“STATISTIK” in a German university to denote
political sciences of different country.
■ In 1771, W. Hooper used the word STATISTICS in his
translation of Elements of Universal Erudition by
Baron Bieford.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 3
Brief History on the Origin of Statistics

■ In the book, statistics is defined as:

“the science that teaches us the political arrangement of


all the modern states of the known world.”

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 4
Brief History on the Origin of Statistics

■ At the beginning of 20th century, William S. Gosset


developed the method of decision making based on
small sets of data.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 5
Definition of Statistics

■ A.L. Bowley defined it as the science of counting.


■ Prof. Boddington defined it as the science of estimate and
probabilities.
■ W.I. King states
“The science of statistics is the method of judging collection,
natural or social phenomena from the results obtained from
the analysis or enumeration or collection of estimates.”

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 6
Definition of Statistics

“Statistics are the numerical statement of facts


capable of analysis and interpretation and the science
of statistics is the study of the principles and the
methods applied in collecting, presenting, analysis
and interpreting the numerical data in any field of
inquiry.”

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 7
Branches of Statistics
■ Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics deals with techniques used for the analysis of data,
making estimates and drawing conclusions from limited information
obtained through sampling and testing the reliability of the estimates.
■ Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics deals with the collection of data, its presentation in
various forms, such as tables, graphs and diagrams and finding
averages and other measures which would describe the data.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 8
“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 9
STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION
1. Collection of data.
2. Editing of data.
3. Presentation of data.
4. Analysis of data
5. Interpretation of data.
6. Preparation of the report.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 10
Planning of statistical investigation
■ Understand the problem.
■ Formulate the objectives.
■ Draw the scope and limitation of the investigation.
■ Identify the source of data, the methods to be used and
statistical method to be used in the analysis of data.
■ IT IS ESSENTIAL TO GET THE BEST RESULTS AT THE
MINIMUM COST AND TIME.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 11
1. Collection of data

■ The first step in any statistical investigation is the


collection of data. DATA is the information being
gathered, manipulated and analyzed in an statistical
investigation.
■ The person who conducts the enquiry is called the
“investigator/researcher”. The person from whom
information is collected is known as the “respondents”.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 12
Nature of Data

■ Data can be continuous or discrete.


■ Continuous data are gathered over a long period of
time while discrete data are gathered over a definite
interval.
■ Data can also be categorized as primary or secondary
data.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 13
PRIMARY DATA

■ Data collected from a primary source.


■ According to Wessel, it is the data originally collected
in the process of investigations.
■ These are data coming directly from the respondents.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 14
Methods of collecting primary data

1. Direct Personal Investigation: The investigator


personally collects the data from the respondents.
Original data is collected. There is a uniformity in the
data collected. Most useful when the area of
investigation is very small. However, it is time
consuming, costly and possibility of personal biased
is high.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 15
Methods of collecting primary data

2. Indirect Oral Investigation: Data is collected from a


third person.

3. Information through Correspondents: The


investigator seeks help from local agents or
correspondents.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 16
Methods of collecting primary data

4. Questionnaire Method: The investigator formulated


set of questions relating to the statistical investigation.
This is convenient for a large size of respondents and is
reliable.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 17
Secondary Data

■ These are data collected by other people or


organizations for their own use but the investigator can
also used these data.
■ According to Blair, these are data already in existence
for some other purpose than answering the question in
hand.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 18
Sources of Secondary Data

■ International and Local Publications


■ Committee Reports
■ Newspapers
■ Magazines
■ Journals

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 19
“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 20
Methods of Data Collections

■ Population refers to the number of observations


connected with the enquiry.
■ Sample refers to the part of the population
selected for analysis.
■ There are two methods of data collection:
Census and Sampling method

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 21
Census Method

■ The complete enumeration of the population. In the


world, every country conducts the population census at
a regular interval of time. In our country the
population census is conducted every 10 years.
■ The data collected here is correct and accurate. But
this requires a lot of time, energy and money.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 22
Sampling Method

■ This method was first used by Bowley in 1912.


■ There are two methods of Sampling: Non-random
sampling and Random sampling.
■ Non-random sampling used basis to group the
population into samples.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 23
Simple Random Sampling

■ This implies that any particular sample of a specified


sample size has the same chance of being selected as
any other sample of the same size.
■ Sample size refers to the number of elements in a
sample.

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 24
References:

■ https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/kinds-or-branches-statistics.html
■ https://towardsdatascience.com/statistics-descriptive-and-inferential-63661eb13bb5
■ Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Walpole
■ https://fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/probability_and_statistics_for_engineering_and_
the_sciences.pdf

“The way up and the way down are one and the same.” - Heraclitus 25

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