Design of Machine Elements

DOME MENG 375

(DOME)
MENG 375
Instructor Dr. Riaz Muhammad
[email protected]

Lecture 01
Introduction to Engineering Design

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Lecture Outline

• Design
• Mechanical Engineering Design
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• Phases and Interactions of the Design Process

• Design Tools and Resources
• The Design Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities
• Standards and Codes
• Economics
• Safety and Product Liability
• Stress and Strength
• Uncertainty
• Design Factor and Factor of Safety
• Reliability
• Dimensions and Tolerances

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

Source: Animation factory
 Course Assessment

• Quizzes (10%)
• Assignments (5%)
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• Project (20%)
• Tests (25%; test 1-12/03/2020, test 2- 20/04/2020)
• Final (40%)

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Combination of various Elements =>Complex Machines
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 What is a Machine?
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 Gear Box
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Books and Resources

Text Book
Mechanical Engineering Design 10th Edition By Joseph .E. Shigley, Charles Mischke
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and Richard G. Budynas Publisher McGraw Hill

Reference Books
Design of Machine Elements by M.F. Spotts and T.E.Shoup
Publisher Pearson Education
 Fundamentals of Machine Component Design by Jvinall & Marshek
 Engineering Design by Dieter
A text Book of Machine Design by RS Khurmi, JK Ghupta, S Chand
Office Hours : Monday to Wednesday 04 pm-05pm Please book a free slot by
sending an email and mention the topic to be discussed.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Recommended Computer Softwares

• AutoCAD
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• Pro-Engineer
• Ansys

Use of computer in the Course will be highly encouraged.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Design

• Design is either to formulate a plan for the satisfaction

DOME MENG 375

of a specified need or to solve a problem

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Design

 Process requires innovation, iteration, and decision-making

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 Communication-intensive
 Products should be

◦ Functional
◦ Safe
◦ Reliable
◦ Competitive
◦ Usable
◦ Manufacturable
◦ Marketable

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Mechanical Engineering Design
• Mechanical engineering design involves all the disciplines of
mechanical engineering.
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• Example
– Journal bearing: fluid flow, heat transfer, friction, energy
transport, material selection, thermomechanical treatments,
statistical descriptions, etc.

Heat transfer Material selection

Thermo
Fluid flow
mechanical treatments

And so many
others Journal Bearing
statistical Description

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 The Design Process

• Iterative in nature
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• Requires initial
estimation,
followed by
continued
refinement

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Design Considerations

• Some characteristics that influence the design

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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Computational Tools
• Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
 Any use of the computer and software to aid in the
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engineering process
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
 Drafting, 3-D solid modeling, etc.
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
 CNC toolpath, rapid prototyping, etc.
• Engineering analysis and simulation
 Finite element, fluid flow, dynamic analysis, motion, etc.
• Math solvers
 Spreadsheet, procedural programming language, equation
solver, etc.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Acquiring Technical Information
• Libraries
 Engineering handbooks, textbooks, journals, patents, etc.
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• Government sources
 Government agencies, U.S. Patent and Trademark, National Institute for
Standards and Technology, etc.
• Professional Societies (conferences, publications, etc.)
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Manufacturing
Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, etc.
• Commercial vendors
 Catalogs, technical literature, test data, etc.
• Internet
 Access to much of the above information

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Tolerances
• Close tolerances generally
increase cost
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 Require additional
processing steps
 Require additional
inspection
 Require machines with
lower production rates

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Breakeven Points
• A cost comparison between two possible production methods
• Often there is a breakeven point on quantity of production
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 Automatic screw machine

 25 parts/hr
 3 hr setup
 $20/hr labor cost
 Hand screw machine
 10 parts/hr
 Minimal setup
 $20/hr labor cost
 Breakeven at 50 units

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Safety and Product Liability
• Strict Liability concept generally prevails in U.S.
• Manufacturer is liable for damage or harm that results because
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of a defect.
• Negligence need not be proved.
• Calls for good engineering in analysis and design, quality
control, and comprehensive testing.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Stress and Strength
• Strength
 An inherent property of a material or of a mechanical
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element
 Depends on treatment and processing
 May or may not be uniform throughout the part
 Examples: Ultimate strength, yield strength
• Stress
 A state property at a specific point within a body
 Primarily a function of load and geometry
 Sometimes also a function of temperature and processing

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Uncertainty
• Common sources of uncertainty in stress or strength
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Uncertainty
• Stochastic method
 Based on statistical nature of the design parameters
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 Focus on the probability of survival of the design’s function

(reliability)
 Often limited by availability of statistical data

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Uncertainty
• Deterministic method
Establishes a design factor, nd
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Based on absolute uncertainties of a loss-of-function

parameter and a maximum allowable parameter

◦ If, for example, the parameter is load, then

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Design Factor Method
 Often used when statistical data is not available
 Since stress may not vary linearly with load, it is more common
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to express the design factor in terms of strength and stress.

All loss-of-function modes must be analyzed, and the

mode with the smallest design factor governs.
Stress and strength terms must be of the same type and
units.
Stress and strength must apply to the same critical
location in the part.
The factor of safety is the realized design factor of the
final design, including rounding up to standard size or
available components.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Reliability
Reliability, R – The statistical measure of the probability that a
mechanical element will not fail in use
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Probability of Failure, pf – the number of instances of failures per

total number of possible instances

Example: If 1000 parts are manufactured, with 6 of the parts

failing, the reliability is

or 99.4 %

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Reliability
• Series System – a system that is deemed to have failed if any
component within the system fails
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• The overall reliability of a series system is the product of the

reliabilities of the individual components.
n
R   Ri (1-5)
i 1

• Example: A shaft with two bearings having reliabilities of 95%

and 98% has an overall reliability of

R = R1 R2 = 0.95 (0.98) = 0.93 or 93%

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Dimensions and Tolerances
• Nominal size – The size we use in speaking of an element.
– Is not required to match the actual dimension
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• Limits – The stated maximum and minimum dimensions

• Tolerance – The difference between the two limits
• Bilateral tolerance – The variation in both directions from the
basic dimension, e.g. 1.005 ± 0.002 in.
• Unilateral tolerance – The basic dimension is taken as one of
the limits, and variation is permitted in only one direction, e.g.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Dimensions and Tolerances
• Clearance – Refers to the difference in sizes of two mating
cylindrical parts such as a bolt and a hole.
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 Assumes the internal member is smaller than the external

member
 Diametral clearance – difference in the two diameters
 Radial clearance – difference in the two radii
• Interference – The opposite of clearance, when the internal
member is larger than the external member
• Allowance – The minimum stated clearance or the maximum
stated interference or mating parts

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 The Design Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities

• Satisfy the needs of the customer in a competent, responsible,

ethical, and professional manner.
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• Some key advise for a professional engineer

 Be competent
 Keep current in field of practice
 Keep good documentation
 Ensure good and timely communication
 Act professionally and ethically

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Standards and Codes
• Standard
– A set of specifications for parts, materials, or processes
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– Intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality

– Limits the multitude of variations
• Code
– A set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture, and
construction of something
– To achieve a specified degree of safety, efficiency, and performance or
quality
– Does not imply absolute safety
• Various organizations establish and publish standards and codes for common
and/or critical industries

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Standards and Codes
• Some organizations that establish standards and codes of
particular interest to mechanical engineers:
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Sample Application: Hip Implant
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Application: Crash Simulation
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Frontal Crash: Belted and Unbelted Driver
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Knee Protection
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Buckling and Penetration
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Underwater Explosion
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Missile Detonation (!)
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Milling
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Bicycle frame design
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 More Crashing
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Earthquake Response
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Gear Design
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Stress in solder joints
Mechanics of Materials-II

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, KP, Pakistan

 Tools of the Trade
• Physical Intuition
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e2
e1 • Solutions to boundary value
problems
e2
a
Thickness b
e1 a
P

• Finite Element Analysis

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

DOME MENG 375

Thank you

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain