DOME MENG 375

Design of Machine Elements (DOME)

MENG 375

Instructor Dr. Riaz Muhammad

[email protected]

Lecture 07
Fatigue

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 Chapter Outline
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 Introduction to Fatigue in Metals
• Loading produces stresses that are variable,
repeated, alternating, or fluctuating
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• Maximum stresses well below yield strength

• Failure occurs after many stress cycles
• Failure is by sudden ultimate fracture
• No visible warning in advance of failure

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 Introduction to Fatigue in Metals
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 Introduction to Fatigue in Metals
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 Stages of Fatigue Failure
• Stage I – Initiation of micro-crack due to cyclic
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plastic deformation
• Stage II – Progresses to macro-crack that
repeatedly opens and closes, creating bands
called beach marks
• Stage III – Crack has propagated far enough that
remaining material is insufficient to carry the
load, and fails by simple ultimate failure

Fig. 6–1
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 Schematics of Fatigue Fracture Surfaces
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Fig. 6–2
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 Schematics of Fatigue Fracture Surfaces
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Fig. 6–2
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 Schematics of Fatigue Fracture Surfaces
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Fig. 6–2
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 Schematics of Fatigue Fracture Surfaces
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Fig. 6–2

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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

 AISI 4320 drive

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shaft
 B– crack initiation at
stress concentration
in keyway
 C– Final brittle
failure

Fig. 6–3
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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

 Fatigue failure
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initiating at
mismatched grease
holes
 Sharp corners (at
arrows) provided
stress concentrations

Fig. 6–4
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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

 Fatigue failure of
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forged connecting rod

 Crack initiated at flash
line of the forging at
the left edge of picture
 Beach marks show
crack propagation
halfway around the hole
before ultimate fracture
Fig. 6–5

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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

 Fatigue failure of a
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200-mm diameter
piston rod of an alloy
steel steam hammer
 Loaded axially
 Crack initiated at a
forging flake internal to
the part
 Internal crack grew
outward symmetrically

Fig. 6–6
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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

 Double-flange trailer wheel

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 Cracks initiated at stamp marks

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Fig. 6–7
 Fatigue Fracture Examples
 Aluminum allow landing-gear torque-arm assembly redesign to
eliminate fatigue fracture at lubrication hole
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Fig. 6–8
 Fatigue-Life Methods
• Three major fatigue life models
• Methods predict life in number of cycles to failure, N, for a
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specific level of loading

– Stress-life method
• Least accurate, particularly for low cycle applications
• Most traditional, easiest to implement
– Strain-life method
• Detailed analysis of plastic deformation at localized regions
• Several idealizations are compounded, leading to
uncertainties in results
– Linear-elastic fracture mechanics method
• Assumes crack exists
• Predicts crack growth with respect to stress intensity
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 Stress-Life Method
Test specimens are subjected to repeated stress while
counting cycles to failure
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Most common test machine is R. R. Moore high-speed

rotating-beam machine
Subjects specimen to pure bending with no transverse shear
As specimen rotates, stress fluctuates between equal
magnitudes of tension and compression, known as completely
reversed stress cycling
Specimen is carefully machined and polished

Fig. 6–9

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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
 Stress-Life Method
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 S-N Diagram
Number of cycles to failure at varying stress levels is plotted on log-
log scale
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For steels, a knee occurs near 106 cycles

Strength corresponding to the knee is called endurance limit Se

Fig. 6–10
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 S-N Diagram for Steel
• Stress levels below Se predict infinite life
• Between 103 and 106 cycles, finite life is predicted
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• Below 103 cycles is known as low cycle, and is often considered

quasi-static. Yielding usually occurs before fatigue in this zone.

Fig. 6–10
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 S-N Diagram for Nonferrous Metals
Nonferrous metals often do not have an endurance limit.
Fatigue strength Sf is reported at a specific number of cycles
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Figure 6–11 shows typical S-N diagram for aluminums

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Fig. 6–11
 Strain-Life Method
Method uses detailed analysis of plastic deformation at
localized regions
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• Compounding of several idealizations leads to

significant uncertainties in numerical results
• Useful for explaining nature of fatigue

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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
 Strain-Life Method
 Fatigue failure almost
always begins at a local
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discontinuity
 When stress at
discontinuity exceeds
elastic limit, plastic
strain occurs
 Cyclic plastic strain can
change elastic limit,
leading to fatigue
 Fig. 6–12 shows true
stress-true strain
hysteresis loops of the
first five stress reversals
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 Strain-Life Method
 Fatigue failure almost
always begins at a local
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discontinuity
 When stress at
discontinuity exceeds
elastic limit, plastic
strain occurs
 Cyclic plastic strain can
change elastic limit,
leading to fatigue
 Fig. 6–12 shows true
stress-true strain
hysteresis loops of the
first five stress reversals
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 Relation of Fatigue Life to Strain
Figure 6–13 plots relationship of fatigue life to true-strain
amplitude
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Fatigue ductility coefficient 'F is true strain corresponding to

fracture in one reversal (point A in Fig. 6–12)
Fatigue strength coefficient 'F is true stress corresponding to
fracture in one reversal (point A in Fig. 6–12)

Fig. 6–13
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 Relation of Fatigue Life to Strain
Fatigue ductility exponent c is the slope of plastic-strain line, and is
the power to which the life 2N must be raised to be proportional to the
true plastic-strain amplitude. Note that 2N stress reversals corresponds
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to N cycles.
Fatigue strength exponent b is the slope of the elastic-strain line, and
is the power to which the life 2N must be raised to be proportional to
the true-stress amplitude.

Fig. 6–13
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 Relation of Fatigue Life to Strain
• Total strain is sum of elastic and plastic strain
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• Total strain amplitude is half the total strain

range

• The equation of the plastic-strain line in Fig. 6–

13 from line equation

• The equation of the elastic strain line in Fig. 6–

13
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 Relation of Fatigue Life to Strain
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• Known as Manson-Coffin relationship between

fatigue life and total strain
• Some values of coefficients and exponents given
in Table A–23
• Equation has limited use for design since values
for total strain at discontinuities are not readily
available

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 Relation of Fatigue Life to Strain
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 Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics Method
– Assumes Stage I fatigue (crack initiation) has
occurred
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– Predicts crack growth in Stage II with respect to

stress intensity
– Stage III ultimate fracture occurs when the stress
intensity factor KI reaches some critical level KIc

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 Crack Growth
• Stress intensity factor is given by
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• For a stress range , the stress intensity range

per cycle is

• Testing specimens at various levels of 

provide plots of crack length vs. stress cycles

Fig. 6–14
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 Crack Growth
• Log-log plot of rate
of crack growth,
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da/dN, shows all

three stages of
growth
• Stage II data are
linear on log-log
scale
• Similar curves can
be generated by
changing the stress
ratio R = min/max
Fig. 6–15

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 Crack Growth
• Crack growth in Region II is approximated by the Paris equation
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• C and m are empirical material constants. Conservative

representative values are shown in Table 6–1.

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 Crack Growth
• Substituting Eq. (6–4) into Eq. (6–5) and
integrating,
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• ai is the initial crack length

• af is the final crack length corresponding to
failure
• Nf is the estimated number of cycles to produce a
failure after the initial crack is formed
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 Example 6-1
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Fig. 6–16

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 Example 6-1
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 Example 6-1
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Fig. 5–27

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 Example 6-1
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 The Endurance Limit
• The endurance limit for steels has been
experimentally found to be related to the ultimate
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strength

Fig.Engineering
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 The Endurance Limit
• Simplified estimate of endurance limit for steels
for the rotating-beam specimen, S'e
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Fig. 6–17
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 Fatigue Strength
• For design, an approximation of the idealized S-
N diagram is desirable.
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• To estimate the fatigue strength at 10 3 cycles,

start with Eq. (6-2)

• Define the specimen fatigue strength at a specific

number of cycles as

• Combine with Eq. (6–2),

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 Fatigue Strength
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• At 103 cycles,
• f is the fraction of Sut represented by ( S f )103
• Solving for f,

• The SAE approximation for steels with HB ≤ 500 may be used.

• To find b, substitute the endurance strength and corresponding

cycles into Eq. (6–9) and solve for b

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 Fatigue Strength
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• Eqs. (6–11) and (6–12) can be substituted into Eqs. (6–9) and
(6–10) to obtain expressions for S'f and f

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 Fatigue Strength Fraction f
• Plot Eq. (6–10) for the fatigue strength fraction f of Sut at 103
cycles
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• Use f from plot for S'f = f Sut at 103 cycles on S-N diagram
• Assumes Se = S'e= 0.5Sut at 106 cycles

Fig. 6–18
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 Equations for S-N Diagram

 Write equation for S-N line

from 103 to 106 cycles
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 Two known points

 At N =103 cycles,
Sf = f Sut
 At N =106 cycles,
Sf = Se Fig. 6–10
 Equations for line:

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 Equations for S-N Diagram

 Ifa completely reversed stress rev is given, setting Sf = rev in

Eq. (6–13) and solving for N gives,
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 Note that the typical S-N diagram is only applicable for

completely reversed stresses
 For other stress situations, a completely reversed stress with the
same life expectancy must be used on the S-N diagram

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 Low-cycle Fatigue
Low-cycle fatigue is defined for fatigue failures in the range
1 ≤ N ≤ 103
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On the idealized S-N diagram on a log-log scale, failure is

predicted by a straight line between two points (103, f Sut) and
(1, Sut)

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 Example 6-2
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 Example 6-2
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 Endurance Limit Modifying Factors
• Endurance limit S'e is for carefully prepared and tested specimen
• If warranted, Se is obtained from testing of actual parts
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• When testing of actual parts is not practical, a set of Marin

factors are used to adjust the endurance limit

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 Surface Factor ka
• Stresses tend to be high at the surface
• Surface finish has an impact on initiation of cracks at localized
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stress concentrations
• Surface factor is a function of ultimate strength. Higher strengths
are more sensitive to rough surfaces.

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 Example 6-4
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 Size Factor kb
• Larger parts have greater surface area at high stress levels
• Likelihood of crack initiation is higher
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• Size factor is obtained from experimental data with wide

scatter
• For bending and torsion loads, the trend of the size factor
data is given by

• Applies only for round, rotating diameter

• For axial load, there is no size effect, so kb = 1
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 Size Factor kb
• For parts that are not round and rotating, an equivalent round
rotating diameter is obtained.
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• Equate the volume of material stressed at and above 95% of the

maximum stress to the same volume in the rotating-beam
specimen.
• Lengths cancel, so equate the areas.
• For a rotating round section, the 95% stress area is the area of a
ring,

• Equate 95% stress area for other conditions to Eq. (6–22) and
solve for d as the equivalent round rotating diameter

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 Size Factor kb
• For non-rotating round,
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• Equating to Eq. (6-22) and solving for equivalent diameter,

• Similarly, for rectangular section h x b, A95 = 0.05 hb. Equating

to Eq. (6–22),

• Other common cross sections are given in Table 6–3

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 Size Factor kb
Table 6–3
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A95 for common

non-rotating
structural shapes

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 Example 6-4
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 Loading Factor kc
Accounts for changes in endurance limit for different types of
fatigue loading.
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Only to be used for single load types. Use Combination

Loading method (Sec. 6–14) when more than one load type is
present.

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 Temperature Factor kd
• Endurance limit appears to maintain same relation to ultimate
strength for elevated temperatures as at room temperature
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• This relation is summarized in Table 6–4

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 Temperature Factor kd
• If ultimate strength is known for operating temperature, then just
use that strength. Let kd = 1 and proceed as usual.
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• If ultimate strength is known only at room temperature, then use

Table 6–4 to estimate ultimate strength at operating temperature.
With that strength, let kd = 1 and proceed as usual.
• Alternatively, use ultimate strength at room temperature and
apply temperature factor from Table 6–4 to the endurance limit.

• A fourth-order polynomial curve fit of the underlying data of

Table 6–4 can be used in place of the table, if desired.

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 Example 6-5
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 Example 6-5
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 Reliability Factor ke
• From Fig. 6–17, S'e = 0.5 Sut is typical of the data and represents
50% reliability.
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• Reliability factor adjusts to other reliabilities.

• Only adjusts Fig. 6–17 assumption. Does not imply overall
reliability.

Fig. 6–17
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 Reliability Factor ke
• Simply obtain ke for desired reliability from Table
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6–5.

Table 6–5

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 Miscellaneous-Effects Factor kf
• Reminder to consider other possible factors.
– Residual stresses
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– Directional characteristics from cold working

– Case hardening
– Corrosion
– Surface conditioning, e.g. electrolytic plating and metal
spraying
– Cyclic Frequency
– Frettage Corrosion
• Limited data is available.
• May require research or testing.

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 Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity
• For dynamic loading, stress concentration effects must be applied.
• Obtain Kt as usual (e.g. Appendix A–15)
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• For fatigue, some materials are not fully sensitive to Kt so a

reduced value can be used.
• Define Kf as the fatigue stress-concentration factor.
• Define q as notch sensitivity, ranging from 0 (not sensitive) to 1
(fully sensitive).

• For q = 0, Kf = 1
• For q = 1, Kf = Kt

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 Notch Sensitivity
• Obtain q for bending or axial loading from Fig. 6–20.
• Then get Kf from Eq. (6–32): Kf = 1 + q( Kt – 1)
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Fig. 6–20

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 Notch Sensitivity
• Obtain qs for torsional loading from Fig. 6–21.
• Then get Kfs from Eq. (6–32): Kfs = 1 + qs( Kts – 1)
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• Note that Fig. 6–21 is updated in 9th edition.

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 Notch Sensitivity
Alternatively, can use curve fit equations for Figs. 6–20 and
6–21 to get notch sensitivity, or go directly to Kf .
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Bending or axial:

Torsion:

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 Notch Sensitivity for Cast Irons
• Cast irons are already full of discontinuities, which are included
in the strengths.
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• Additional notches do not add much additional harm.

• Recommended to use q = 0.2 for cast irons.

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 Example 6-6
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 Application of Fatigue Stress Concentration Factor
• Use Kf as a multiplier to increase the nominal stress.
• Some designers (and previous editions of textbook) sometimes
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applied 1/ Kf as a Marin factor to reduce Se .

• For infinite life, either method is equivalent, since

nf 
Se

 1/ K f  Se
K f 

• For finite life, increasing stress is more conservative. Decreasing

Se applies more to high cycle than low cycle.

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 Example 6-7
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 Example 6-8
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 Example 6-8
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 Example 6-8
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 Example 6-9
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Fig. 6–22

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 Example 6-9
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Fig. 6–22

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 Example 6-9
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 Example 6-9
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 Example 6-9
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 Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
• The S-N diagram is applicable for completely reversed stresses
• Other fluctuating stresses exist
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• Sinusoidal loading patterns are common, but not necessary

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 Fluctuating Stresses

General
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Fluctuating

Repeated

Completely
Reversed

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Fig. 6–23
 Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
• Fluctuating stresses can often
be characterized simply by the
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minimum and maximum

stresses, min and max
• Define m as midrange steady
component of stress
(sometimes called mean
stress) and a as amplitude of
alternating component of
stress

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 Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
• Other useful definitions
include stress ratio
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and amplitude ratio

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 Application of Kf for Fluctuating Stresses
• For fluctuating loads at points with stress concentration, the best
approach is to design to avoid all localized plastic strain.
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• In this case, Kf should be applied to both alternating and

midrange stress components.
• When localized strain does occur, some methods (e.g. nominal
mean stress method and residual stress method) recommend only
applying Kf to the alternating stress.
• The Dowling method recommends applying Kf to the alternating
stress and Kfm to the mid-range stress, where Kfm is

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 Fatigue Failure for Fluctuating Stresses
• Vary the m and a to learn about the fatigue resistance under
fluctuating loading
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• Three common methods of plotting results follow.

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 Modified Goodman Diagram
• Midrange stress is plotted on
abscissa
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• All other components of stress

are plotted on the ordinate

Fig. 6–24
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 Master Fatigue Diagram
• Displays four stress components as well as two stress ratios
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Fig.
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Engineering
 Plot of Alternating vs Midrange Stress
• Probably most common and simple to use is the plot of a vs m
• Has gradually usurped the name of Goodman or Modified
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Goodman diagram
• Modified Goodman line from Se to Sut is one simple representation
of the limiting boundary for infinite life

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 Plot of Alternating vs Midrange Stress
• Experimental data on normalized plot of a vs m
• Demonstrates little effect of negative midrange stress
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 Commonly Used Failure Criteria
• Five commonly used failure criteria are shown
• Gerber passes through the data
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• ASME-elliptic passes through data and incorporates rough

yielding check

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 Commonly Used Failure Criteria
• Modified Goodman is linear, so simple to use for design. It is
more conservative than Gerber.
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• Soderberg provides a very conservative single check of both

fatigue and yielding.

Fig. 6–27

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 Commonly Used Failure Criteria
• Langer line represents standard yield check.
• It is equivalent to comparing maximum stress to yield strength.
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 Equations for Commonly Used Failure Criteria
• Intersecting a constant slope load line with each failure criteria
produces design equations
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• n is the design factor or factor of safety for infinite fatigue life

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 Summarizing Tables for Failure Criteria
• Tables 6–6 to 6–8 summarize the pertinent equations for
Modified Goodman, Gerber, ASME-elliptic, and Langer failure
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criteria
• The first row gives fatigue criterion
• The second row gives yield criterion
• The third row gives the intersection of static and fatigue criteria
• The fourth row gives the equation for fatigue factor of safety
• The first column gives the intersecting equations
• The second column gives the coordinates of the intersection

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 Summarizing Table for Modified Goodman
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 Summarizing Table for Gerber
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 Summarizing Table for ASME-Elliptic
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 Example 6-10
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 Example 6-10
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 Example 6-10
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Fig. 6–28
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 Example 6-10
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Fig. 6–28
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 Example 6-10
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 Example 6-10
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Fig. 6–29
 Example 6-10
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 Example 6-11
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Fig. 6–30a
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 Example 6-11
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 Example 6-11
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 Example 6-11
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Fig. 6–30b
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 Example 6-11
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 Example 6-12
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 Example 6-12
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 Example 6-12
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 Example 6-12
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 Fatigue Criteria for Brittle Materials
• For many brittle materials, the first quadrant fatigue failure
criteria follows a concave upward Smith-Dolan locus,
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• Or as a design equation,

• For a radial load line of slope r, the intersection point is

• In the second quadrant,

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 Fatigue Criteria for Brittle Materials
• Table A–24 gives properties of gray cast iron, including
endurance limit
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• The endurance limit already includes ka and kb

• The average kc for axial and torsional is 0.9

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 Example 6-13
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-13
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-13
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-13
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-13
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Fig.University
Mechanical Engineering Department, 6–31b of Bahrain, Bahrain
 Torsional Fatigue Strength
• Testing has found that the steady-stress component has no effect
on the endurance limit for torsional loading if the material is
DOME MENG 375

ductile, polished, notch-free, and cylindrical.

• However, for less than perfect surfaces, the modified Goodman
line is more reasonable.
• For pure torsion cases, use kc = 0.59 to convert normal endurance
strength to shear endurance strength.
• For shear ultimate strength, recommended to use

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 Combinations of Loading Modes
• When more than one type of loading (bending, axial, torsion)
exists, use the Distortion Energy theory to combine them.
DOME MENG 375

• Obtain von Mises stresses for both midrange and alternating

components.
• Apply appropriate Kf to each type of stress.
• For load factor, use kc = 1. The torsional load factor (kc = 0.59) is
inherently included in the von Mises equations.
• If needed, axial load factor can be divided into the axial stress.

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 Static Check for Combination Loading
• Distortion Energy theory still applies for check of static yielding
• Obtain von Mises stress for maximum stresses (sum of midrange
DOME MENG 375

and alternating)
• Stress concentration factors are not necessary to check for
yielding at first cycle
2 1/2
    a   m   3   a   m  
2
 max
 
Sy
ny 

 max

• Alternate simple check is to obtain conservative estimate of 'max

by summing 'a and 'm
   a   m
 max
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
 Example 6-14
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-14
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-14
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-14
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-14
DOME MENG 375

Fig. 6–32
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
 Example 6-14
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-14
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Varying Fluctuating Stresses
• Loading patterns may be complex
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• Simplifications may be necessary

• Small fluctuations may be negligible compared to large cycles

Fig. 6–33
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 Cumulative Fatigue Damage
A common situation is to load at 1 for n1 cycles, then at 2 for n2
cycles, etc.
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The cycles at each stress level contributes to the fatigue damage

Accumulation of damage is represented by the Palmgren-Miner
cycle-ratio summation rule, also known as Miner’s rule

where ni is the number of cycles at stress level i and Ni is the

number of cycles to failure at stress level i
c is experimentally found to be in the range 0.7 < c < 2.2, with an
average value near unity
Defining D as the accumulated damage,

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-15
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Fig. 6–33
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
 Example 6-15
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-15
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-15
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Example 6-15
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Illustration of Miner’s Rule
Figure 6–34 illustrates effect of Miner’s rule on endurance limit
and fatigue failure line.
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Note that the damaged material line is predicted to be parallel to

original material line.

Fig. 6–34
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 Weaknesses of Miner’s Rule
• Miner’s rule fails to agree with experimental results in two ways
– It predicts the static strength Sut is damaged.
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– It does not account for the order in which the stresses are
applied

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 Manson’s Method
• Manson’s method overcomes deficiencies of Miner’s rule.
• It assumes all fatigue lines on the S-N diagram converge to a
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common point at 0.9Sut at 103 cycles.

• It requires each line to be constructed in the same historical order
in which the stresses occur.

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 Surface Fatigue Strength
• When two surfaces roll or roll and slide against one another, a
pitting failure may occur after a certain number of cycles.
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• The surface fatigue mechanism is complex and not definitively

understood.
• Factors include Hertz stresses, number of cycles, surface finish,
hardness, lubrication, and temperature

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 Surface Fatigue Strength
• From Eqs. (3–73) and (3–74), the pressure in contacting cylinders,
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• Converting to radius r and width w instead of length l,

• Define pmax as surface endurance strength (also called contact

strength, contact fatigue strength, or Hertzian endurance strength)

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 Surface Fatigue Strength
• Combining Eqs. (6–61) and (6–63),
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• K1 is known as Buckingham’s load-stress factor, or wear factor

• In gear studies, a similar factor is used,

• From Eq. (6–64), with material property terms incorporated into

an elastic coefficient CP

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 Surface Fatigue Strength
• Experiments show the following relationships
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 Surface Fatigue Strength
• A longstanding correlation in steels between SC and HB at 108
cycles is
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• AGMA uses

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 Surface Fatigue Strength
• Incorporating design factor into Eq. (6–66),
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• Since this is nonlinear in its stress-load transformation, the

definition of nd depends on whether load or stress is the primary
consideration for failure.
• If the loss of function is focused on the load,

• If the loss of function is focused on the stress,

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 Stochastic Analysis
• Fatigue ratio
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Table 6–9
Fig. 6–36

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 Stochastic Analysis
• Endurance Limit
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 Stochastic Analysis
• Surface Factor
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ng Design

Example 6-16
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 Stochastic Analysis
• Size factor, kb
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• Use same deterministic approach as before

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 Stochastic Analysis
• Load factor
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 Stochastic Analysis
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ng Design

Example 6-17
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ng Design

Example 6-17
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 Stochastic Analysis
• Temperature factor
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 Stochastic Analysis
• Stress concentration and Notch Sensitivity
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

 Stochastic Analysis
• Stress concentration and Notch Sensitivity
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-18
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-18
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-19
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Fig. 6–37

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ng Design

Example 6-19
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-19
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-19
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-19
DOME MENG 375

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-19
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-19
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 Stochastic Analysis
• Gerber equations
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 Stochastic Analysis
• ASME-elliptic equations
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 Stochastic Analysis
• Smith-Dolan equations for brittle materials
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-20
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Fig.Engineering
Mechanical 6–38 Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
 Stochastic Analysis
• Design Factor in Fatigue
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ng Design

Example 6-21
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

Fig. 6–39
ng Design

Example 6-21
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-21
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

ng Design

Example 6-21
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Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Bahrain, Bahrain