5.

3
Motivation
and
Behaviour
Change
Should the mother of a 6-year old girl
inform her that her performance at her
first swim meet ranked her among the
top in the country for her age?
 FYI
(interest)…
Discussion
on school
grades and
motivation
http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent
/the-current-for-february-8-2017-
1.3970670/why-some-b-c-
schools-say-letter-grade-report-
cards-fail-students-1.3970901
 Theories and Models of Motivation

1. Transtheoretical Model
2. Theory of Planned Behaviour
3. Social Cognitive Theory
4. Self-Determination Theory
5. Achievement Goal Theory
6. Theory of Competence Motivation
7. Sport Commitment Model
 5. Achievement Goal Theory
(Nicholls, 1984, 1989)
Two disposition-oriented dimensions based on an
individual’s definitions of competence, success
and failure.

Task goal orientation

– Reference to one’s own past performances
– Perceive opportunities for personal growth
and mastery
Ego goal orientation
– Reference to how one’s performance
compares with others’
– Perceive opportunities for gaining social status
and wealth
 Motivational Climate

The goal orientation

promoted by the coach
(or significant others
such as parents)

Can be task (mastery) or

ego (performance)
oriented.
Task-Oriented (Mastery) Climate

• Emphasis on personal improvement

and learning through effort.
• Characterized by effort-based goals.
• Over time promotes task goal
orientation.
 What does the research tell us? Task
Orientation

• Focus on personal goals

• High intensity of effort
• Persistence in the face of failure
• Use problem-solving strategies
• Maximize learning opportunities
• Play fair
• Intrinsically motivated
• Strive for perfectionism in adaptive
manner
Ego-Oriented (Performance) Climate
• Encourages individuals to compare
his/her performance to that of others.
• Rewards individuals for out performing
others.
• Overtime promotes ego-goal orientation.
 What does the research tell us? Ego
Orientation

• Put in just enough effort to socially

compare well; or to disguise poor ability
• Give up in face of failure
• Problem solving strategies during failure
may deteriorate
• Avoid learning opportunities that have risk
of displaying error
• Strives for perfectionism in maladaptive
manner
 What does the research tell us?
Task + Ego Orientations

Most individuals are not exclusively task

or ego oriented.

Moderate-high task orientation

+ Moderate-high ego orientation
Beneficial for high sport achievement
There’s nothing more satisfying than getting into a
rhythm, running quickly but under control,
kilometre after kilometre, and then throwing in a
burst of speed – whether it was to break or
overtake someone in a race, or for the joy of flying
on a private run. I love to run anywhere, indoors or
out, on the track or road, even up hills. I still get
the urge to run when I approach a large hill. It was
immensely satisfying to cover large distances
under your own power.

Bruce Kidd
Canadian Distance Runner
1962 Commonwealth Gold
1964 Olympic Team
Principal, U of T (SC)
Fred challenged us to think about racing
against – and beating – the rest of the
world. It was a heady atmosphere. It
was not very long before I was winning
major championships and breaking
records.

Bruce Kidd
Canadian Distance Runner
1962 Commonwealth Gold
1964 Olympic Team
Principal, U of T (SC)
What does the research tell us?

Higher ability youth

succeed in both ego
and task oriented
climates.

Lower ability youth find

ego oriented climates
stressful.
 Promoting a Task-Oriented
Climate … TARGET!

• Tasks – variety and diversity

• Autonomy – involvement in decision making
• Recognition – effort and self-improvement
• Grouping – partners/small groups
• Evaluation – self-reference performance
• Timing – optimal timing of challenge and
success
 Theories and Models of Motivation

1. Transtheoretical Model
2. Theory of Planned Behaviour
3. Social Cognitive Theory
4. Self-Determination Theory
5. Achievement Goal Theory
6. Theory of Competence Motivation
7. Sport Commitment Model
6. Theory of Competence Motivation
(Harter, 1978, 1982)
Children are innately motivated to be
competent in all areas of achievement
that they value and feel they have
control over.

Positive feedback from significant others

can create positive emotions which
enhance perceived competence.
 Competence Motivation Model
(Harter, 1978, 1982)
Perceived Competence Competence
Perceived Control Motivation
Perceived Value

Emotion

Feedback Mastery Attempts

•Significant Others •Sport Choices
•Self-Evaluation •Intensity
•Persistence
Motivational Speech After Riding
Bike for the First Time
http://www.mostwatchedtoday.com/motivational-speech-
after-riding-bike/
 Feedback and Competence
• How do we assure “positive” feedback for all?

• From significant others

– Specific and with meaning
– Developmentally appropriate

• Self-evaluation
– Begin teaching this approach early
– Provide opportunities for recreational, non-
competitive, and cooperative sport and PA
 Theories and Models of Motivation

1. Transtheoretical Model
2. Theory of Planned Behaviour
3. Social Cognitive Theory
4. Self-Determination Theory
5. Achievement Goal Theory
6. Theory of Competence Motivation
7. Sport Commitment Model
 7. Sport Commitment Model
(Scanlan et al., 1993;
2016)
• Functional (Enthusiastic) Commitment
– The psychological state representing the
desire or resolve to continue sport

• Obligatory (Constrained) Commitment

– Psychological construct of perceptions of
obligation to persist in a sport over time
 Andre Agassi -
Commitment

“Standing in the bathroom mirror, I stare at

my face (…) Somewhere in those eyes I can
still vaguely see the boy who didn’t want to
play tennis in the first place, the boy who
wanted to quit, the boy who did quit many
times. I see that golden-haired boy who hated
tennis, and I wonder how he would view this
bald man, who still hates tennis and yet still
plays.” (Agassi, 2009, p.7)
 Sport + -
Enjoyment

Valuable + - Functional
Opportunities Commitment

Desire to Excel +
(Mastery)

- +
Other Priorities
Obligatory
+ Commitment
Social
Constraints

Personal +
Investments
 Sport Commitment
1. Sport Enjoyment: Positive feelings related to
sport.
2. Valuable Opportunities: Opportunities that
arise through playing.
3. Desire to Excel (Mastery): Desire to master
skills through improvement
4. Other Priorities: Degree to which athletes feel
alternative activities are more or less desirable.
4. Social Constraints: Social expectations to stay
involved.
5. Personal Investment: Personal resources
devoted to sport.
 Andre Agassi –
Sport Enjoyment
“I suddenly look forward to the 2002 French
Open. I’m excited, eager for the fight, and
guardedly optimistic. I’m coming off a win, Jaden
is sleeping a bit more, and I have a new weapon
(…) I feel peaceful walking with Darren off the
court. I like the way I played. I made mistakes,
my game sprang leaks, but I know we’ll work to
patch them up. My back is sore, but mostly from
stooping to help Jaden walk. A wonderful
soreness.” (Agassi, 2009, p. 344)
 Andre Agassi –
Valuable Opportunities
“During the flight to Australia, Coach stands in the
aisle, telling us how the trip is going to work.
We’re going to play five tournaments in five
different cities. The most important tournament
will be the third, in Sydney. There will be five
thousand fans in the arena, he says, plus it’s
going to be televised throughout Australia. But
here’s the good news, Coach says. Every time
you win a tournament, I’ll let you have one cold
beer.” (Agassi, 2009, p. 69)
 Andre Agassi –
Desire to Excel (Mastery)

Determined to excel…
Passionate focus.
Ferocious in practice.
 Andre Agassi –
Other Priorities
“The football players gather before him and gaze
up at him with awe. He’s like a Spanish general
addressing his conquistadors. He gives them their
orders. You – take this bench. You – grab that
machine. While he’s speaking, no one looks
away. Lastly, he tells them to gather round, closer,
reminds them that hard work is the answer, the
only answer. Everyone bring it in. Hands together.
One two there- Rebels! I’m reminded how much
better off I’d be on a team.” (Agassi, 2009, p. 134)
 Andre Agassi –
Social Constraints
“No one ever asked me if I wanted to play tennis, let
alone make it my life. In fact, my mother thought I
was born to be a preacher. She tells me, however,
that my father decided long before I was born that I
would be a professional tennis player (…) She tells
me that when I was still in the crib, my father hung a
mobile of tennis balls above my head and
encouraged me to slap at them with a ping-pong
paddle he’d taped to my hand.” (Agassi, 2009, p.33)
 Andre Agassi –
Personal Investment

“I hate all the junior tournaments, but I hate

nationals most of all, because the stakes
are higher, and they’re held in other states,
which means airfare, motels, rental cars,
restaurant meals. My father is shelling out
money, investing in me, and when I lose,
there goes another piece of his investment.
When I lose I set back the whole Agassi
clan.” (Agassi, 2009, p. 55)
 Kaetlyn Osmond

https://olympics.cbc.ca/video/the-bond/kaetlyn-
osmond-kind-tricked-back-into-loving-skating/
 Sport + -
Enjoyment

Valuable + - Functional
Opportunities Commitment

Desire to Excel +
(Mastery)

- +
Other Priorities
Obligatory
+ Commitment
Social
Constraints

Personal +
Investments
 Research and Application
• Success requires commitment
– SCM helps understand athletes’ the complexity
of athletes’ and exercisers’ persistence.

• Obligatory commitment associated with some

negative outcomes (e.g. eating disorders).
– Interventions must be designed to promote
functional (healthy, adaptive) commitment.
Your Sport / Exercise Motivation
Why did you start sport/exercise?

Why did/didn’t you persist in

sport/exercise?

When were you most / least motivated?

How did you work through periods of low

motivation?