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Z Transform

The document defines and describes the Z transform, which is an analytical tool used to characterize and analyze discrete-time linear time-invariant systems. It defines Z transform pairs between a sequence and its corresponding Z transform function. Some key properties of the Z transform are described, including uniqueness, homogeneity, additivity, shifting, and convolution. The transfer function of a discrete-time system is defined as the ratio between the Z transform of the output and input. Procedures for analyzing discrete-time linear time-invariant systems using the Z transform method are outlined.

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117 views9 pages

Z Transform

The document defines and describes the Z transform, which is an analytical tool used to characterize and analyze discrete-time linear time-invariant systems. It defines Z transform pairs between a sequence and its corresponding Z transform function. Some key properties of the Z transform are described, including uniqueness, homogeneity, additivity, shifting, and convolution. The transfer function of a discrete-time system is defined as the ratio between the Z transform of the output and input. Procedures for analyzing discrete-time linear time-invariant systems using the Z transform method are outlined.

Uploaded by

hakkem b
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Z Transform

• Z transform is useful as an analytical tool in


the characterization, analysis, and study of
discrete-time LTI systems
• It plays an important role in analyzing causal
systems specified by linear constant-
coefficient difference equations
Definition
Z transform X(z)
of a causal sequence
{x(n)}

Inverse z transform
 is a contour in the counterclockwise sense
enclosing all the singularities of X(z)

The sequence {x(n)} and the function X(z) form a z transform pair which is
designated by {x(n) } ↔ X(z). The variable z is called a complex variable.
Z transform pairs
Properties
Uniqueness

Homogeneity

Additivity

Shifting

Convolution
Convolution

Convolution of two causal sequences is defined as


Transfer function of
discrete-time systems

x(n) y(n)

Relaxed LTI system described by linear constant-coefficients difference equation

X (z ) H(z)
H(z) Y (z )

Y ( z)
H ( z) 
X ( z)

Transfer function
Analysis of DTLTI systems by transform
method

Consider a discrete-time linear


time-invariant (DTLTI) system
specified by its block diagram and
assume zero initial conditions
(the system is at rest) and find
the response of the system
(signals at all nodes) for an
excitation applied at node 1
Analysis procedure
1. Label nodes by integer numbers
2. Assume that signal at some node is y(n)
3. Assume that input is a known sequence x(n)
4. Write equations characterizing each block
5. Apply the z transform to
both sides of each equation
6. Solve the set of algebraic equations
7. Find transfer function by dividing Y(z) by X(z)
assuming zero initial conditions
8. Find the inverse z transform of Y(z)
to obtain the response y(n)
4
5

Analysis steps
6

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