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Descriptive Statistics Week 2: L2 - Graphical Display of Data

The document provides information on descriptive statistics including graphical displays of data such as stem-and-leaf displays, histograms, box plots, and calculations of numerical summaries like the median, quartiles, and interquartile range. Examples are given for constructing each type of graphical display and calculating the numerical summaries.

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62 views22 pages

Descriptive Statistics Week 2: L2 - Graphical Display of Data

The document provides information on descriptive statistics including graphical displays of data such as stem-and-leaf displays, histograms, box plots, and calculations of numerical summaries like the median, quartiles, and interquartile range. Examples are given for constructing each type of graphical display and calculating the numerical summaries.

Uploaded by

aminaismawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
WEEK 2

 L2 - Graphical display of Data


Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Construct and interpret pictorial and tabular display of data


Pictorial & Tabular Methods
1. Stem-and-Leaf Displays:

How to construct a Stem-and-Leaf Display:


1. Each numerical data is divided into two parts:
- The leading digit(s) becomes the stem,
and the remaining digit(s) becomes the leaf

2. List the stem values in a vertical column.

3. Record the leaf for each observation beside its stem.

4. Write the units for stems and leaves on the display.


Stem & Leaf Display
 Result of Math. Exam.
of a 50-student class:
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

35 42 56 41 63 1 67 Stem: tens digit


26 37 66 92 16 Leaf: ones digit
2 6689
49 28 56 64 72
59 17 45 56 29 3 045779
30 45 39 37 43 4 011235559
76 73 64 51 60
40 52 57 65 83 5 1226666779
68 52 84 91 64 6 03444568
45 76 56 90 73
34 26 57 41 56 7 23366
8 346
9 012
2. Histogram:
A bar graph representing a frequency distribution of a
quantitative variable.A histogram is made up of the following
components. Histograms are used to summarize large data sets.
Age Freq. Rel. Freq. Histogram: ages of 100 students
18 20 0.20
19 24 0.24
20 26 0.26 0.30 Rel. Freq.
21 18 0.18
22 5 0.05
0.20
23 3 0.03
24 2 0.02
25 2 0.02

Sum 100 1.00


3. Box plot:

a graphical display that simultaneously describes several


important features of a data set:

 center
 Spread
 departure from symmetry
 identification of outliers

a box plot displays the median, the first quartile and the third
quartiles on a rectangular box, aligned either horizontally or
vertically.

sometimes called box whiskers plot.


HOW TO CONSTRUCT A BOX PLOT
Numerical Summary : Sample Median
The median of a sample depends on whether the number of terms in
the sample is even or odd.
•If the number of terms is odd, then the median is the value of the
term in the middle.
•If the number of terms is even, then the median is the average of
the two terms in the middle

 Arrange the observations x1, …, xn in increasing


order: x (1)  x  2     x ( n )
Use the following rule:

~
1

x  2 2

x ( n )  x ( n  1)
2
 if n is even
 x ( n1 ) if n is odd.
 2
Numerical Summary : Sample Median

 Example 1: Find Median for the following observations:


0.3 7.8 4.6 3.7 9.2 12.1 -5 -2.5 10.8
Numerical Summary : Sample Median

 Example 1: Find Median for the following observations:


0.3 7.8 4.6 3.7 9.2 12.1 -5 -2.5 10.8

Arrange the observations in increasing order: n = 9

-5 -2.5 0.3 3.7 4.6 7.8 9.2 10.8 12.1

~
1

x2 2

x ( n )  x ( n  1)
2
 if n is even
 x ( n1 ) if n is odd.
 2
 Example 2: Find Median for given observations :

2.8 5.2 -2.3 2.6 3.6 1.4 6.9 4.3 8.4 2.8
 Example 2: Find Median for given observations :

2.8 5.2 -2.3 2.6 3.6 1.4 6.9 4.3 8.4 2.8

Rearrange the observations in increasing order:


- 2.3 1.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.6 4.3 5.2 6.9 8.4

Median = (2.8 + 3.6)/2 = 3.2

~
1

x 2

x ( n )  x ( n  1)
2 2
 if n is even
 x ( n1 ) if n is odd.
 2
Percentile:
Measure of central tendency that divide a group
of data into 100 parts.
Nth percentile:
At least n% of the data lie between the nth percentile
and at most (100-n)% of the data lie above the nth
percentile
90 percentile:

At least 90% of the data lie between the 90th


percentile and at most (10)% of the data lie above the
90th percentile
LQ (Q1) is 25 percentile
Median (Q2) is 50 percentile
UQ (Q3) is 75 percentile
25 percentile = Q1

At least 25% of the data lie between the 25th


percentile and at most (75)% of the data lie above the
25th percentile
LQ (Q1) and UQ (Q3) are defined as follows
Step 1. Arrange the values in increasing order

Step 2. Q1 is the value in position 0.25(n+1)


Q3 is the value in position 0.75(n+1)

Step 3. If the positions are not integers, Q1 and Q3


are found by interpolation, using adjacent
values

 IQR = Q3 – Q1
 Example 1: (values are arranged in increasing order)

- 5 -2.5 0.4 3.7 4.6 7.8 9.2 10.8 12.1 13.5 14

n = 11, 0.25(n+1) = 0.25(12) = 3;


0.75(n+1) = 0.75(12) = 9

Q1 = x(3) = 0.4,
Q3 = x(9) = 12.1,
and IQR = 12.1 – 0.4 = 11.7
 Example 2: (values are arranged in increasing order)

- 5 - 4 2 6 6.5 7.8 9.2 10.8 12.5 14.5 15 16.4

n=12,
0.25(n+1) = 0.25(13)=3.25; 0.75(n+1)=0.75(13) = 9.75

Q1 = x(3) + 0.25(x(4) - x(3))= 2 + 0.25(6 – 2) = 2 + 0.25(4) = 3

Q3 = x(9) + 0.75(x(10) - x(9))= 12.5 + 0.75(14.5 – 12.5) = 14


 Example 3: (values are arranged in increasing order)

2 5 9 9.8 10.2 10.8 12.5 14 16.4 18.7

n=10,
0.25(n+1) = 0.25(11)=2.75; 0.75(n+1)=0.75(11) = 8.25

Q1 = x(2) + 0.75(x(3) - x(2))= 5 + 0.75(9 – 5) = 5 + 0.75(4) = 8

Q3 = x(8) + 0.25(x(9) - x(8))= 14 + 0.25(16.4 – 14) = 14.6


Example 4 :
The following “ cold start ignition time” of an automobile
engine obtained for a test vehicle are as follows:
1.75 1.92 2.62 2.35 3.09 3.15 2.53 1.91

a) Calculate the sample median, the quartiles and the IQR


b) Construct a box plot of the data.
Example 4:
The following “ cold start ignition time” of an automobile
engine obtained for a test vehicle are as follows:
1.75 1.92 2.62 2.35 3.09 3.15 2.53 1.91

a) Calculate the sample median, the quartiles and the IQR


b) Construct a box plot of the data.
Solution:
Rank the n = 8 measurements from smallest to largest
1.75 1.91 1.92 2.35 2.53 2.62 3.09 3.15

sample median: since n is ~ 1


x  ( x n / 2   x n / 2 1 )
even 2
~ 1 1
 x  ( x 4   x 5  )  (2.35  2.53)  2.44
2 2
Solution:
1.75 1.91 1.92 2.35 2.53 2.62 3.09 3.15

Lower quartile: Q1  x( 0.25( n 1))  x( 0.25(81))  x( 2.25)

Q1  x( 2 )  0.25( x3  x2 )  1.91  0.25(1.92  1.91)  1.913

Upper quartile: Q3  x( 0.75( n 1))  x( 0.75(81))  x( 6.75)

Q3  x( 6 )  0.75( x7  x6 )  2.62  0.75(3.09  2.62)  2.973

IQR:
Q3  Q1  2.973  1.913  1.06
b) Construct a box plot of the data.

Boxplot of Time
3.2

3.0

2.8

2.6
Time

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.6

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