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 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Echague, Campus
 
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

POLYNOMIAL
CURVES
Compiled by:
Ralph Hajile B. Estrada
Instructor

2
 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 1. Find the tangent and normal to the ellipse

at the point .

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TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

Slope for TANGENT:

 

Slope for NORMAL:

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TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

Equation of a line
 

(Point-Slope Form):

A positive slope means the

line is rising from left to
right.
A negative slope means the
line is falling from left to
right.

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 1. Find the tangent and normal to the ellipse
at the point .
• To check if is along the curve, substitute the and values of the point
in the equation of the curve/ellipse:

 OK

The point is on the ellipse.

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 1. Find the tangent and normal to the ellipse
at the point .

• To find the slope of the tangent line, differentiate

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 1. Find the tangent and normal to the ellipse
at the point .

• To find the slope of the TANGENT line, we substitute the x and y

values of the point in the derivative .

• Therefore, the equation of the TANGENT line is given by:

   

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 1. Find the tangent and normal to the ellipse
at the point .

The slope of the NORMAL is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the
tangent at point .

Therefore, the equation of the NORMAL line at the point is given by:

   

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

Example 2. Find the tangents of slope 2 to the circle

 
(1)

• Differentiating the function, we get:

• Since , we get:
(2)

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 2. Find the tangents of slope 2 to the circle
(1)

(2)
• Solving (1) & (2) simultaneously, we get
 
 

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 2. Find the tangents of slope 2 to the circle

• Solve for :
 
• Solve for :
 

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 2 (cont.). Find
the tangents of slope 2 to
the circle

The points and are the

points with a positive
slope.

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 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO PLANE CURVES

 
Example 2. Find the tangents of slope 2 to the circle

Therefore, the equation of the tangents with slope 2 is given by:

• @ P (-2, 1)
 
• @ P (2, -1)
 

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 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Echague, Campus
 
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MAXIMA, MINIMA, CONCAVITY

POINTS OF INFLECTION
Compiled by:
Ralph Hajile B. Estrada
Instructor

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INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

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INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
Function ()
 

First Derivative ()
(The rate at which the
function is changing)

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CRITICAL POINTS
 

• The points at which are

called critical points.
• the corresponding values of
are the critical values of
• Maxima and minima
collectively are called
extremes

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MAXIMA AND MINIMA
 

• At a point where , if changes

from positive to negative (as
increases), is a maximum.
• If changes from negative to
positive, is a minimum.
• If does not change sign, is
neither a maximum nor a
minimum.

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 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
• A function may have multiple maximum and minimum.
• The greatest value that the function can assume anywhere in its
range (if such a value exists) is the absolute maximum.
• A maximum (such as at B) that is greater than any other in the
neighborhood is a relative maximum.

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 MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 
Example 3. Locate and classify the critical points of

• Finding the derivative, we get

• Find the critical points by setting

   

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 MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 
Example 3 (Cont.).

• Evaluate the slope () as passes through .

• “Passes through” means we will use two values to evaluate the
slope. One at the left side of -1 and
 • At the left side we have -2 ,
one at the right side.
 • At the right side we have 0, 1, 2,

-1.01, -1.99 etc. etc.

• As the value passes through , the slope changes from positive

to negative, therefore the point is a maximum.
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 MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 
Example 3 (Cont.).

• Evaluate the slope () as passes through .

• “Passes through” means we will use two values to evaluate the
slope. One at the left side of 2 and
 • At the left side we have 1 ,
one at the right side.
 • At the right side we have 3, 4, 5,

1.99, 0 etc. etc.

• As the value passes through , the slope changes from negative

to positive, therefore the point is a minimum.
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 MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 
Example 3 (Cont.). SUMMARY

• The function is at a maximum

at and minimum at

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 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Echague, Campus
 
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CONCAVITY &
POINTS OF INFLECTION
Compiled by:
Ralph Hajile B. Estrada
Instructor

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CONCAVITY
Function ()
 

First Derivative ()
(The rate at which the
function is changing)

Second Derivative ()
(The rate at which the
first derivative is
changing)

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 CONCAVITY
CONCAVE CONCAVE
UPWARD DOWNWARD

′′ ′′
 
𝒚 =+ ¿  
𝒚 =−
 

Point of inflection
(Change in concavity)
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 CONCAVITY

Concave upward Concave downward

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 sketching polynomial curves
 
1.Find the points of intersection with the axes.
2.Determine the behavior of for large values of .
3.Locate the points where , and determine the maxima
and minima.
4.Locate the points where (points of inflection, in most
cases), and draw the tangent at each of those points
5.If necessary, plot a few additional points.

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 sketching

 
Example 4. Sketch the curve:

Step 1. Find the intercepts.

If ,

If , (since this value is irrational, this can be

disregarded in the graph)

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sketching

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 sketching

 
Example 4. Sketch the curve:

Step 2. If x approaches a large number, y becomes large. If x approaches a

large negative value, y also approaches a large negative value.

Step 3. Find critical points.

In the example 3, the critical points are found to be maximum atand

minimum at.

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sketching

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 sketching

 
Example 4. Sketch the curve:

Step 4. Concavity and points of inflection.

• To solve for point of inflection, we equate

When ,

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sketching

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 sketching

   • At
Example 4. Sketch the curve:
This means that at , the graph is
concave downwards.

• A
Step 4. Concavity and points of
inflection. This means that at , the graph is
concave upwards.
• To solve for concavity, we
evaluate at the critical points
and .

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sketching

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