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CBCT2203 - Topic 9

This document discusses the basic concepts of communication in information technology. It defines communication as the transfer of messages between a sender and receiver. The four key elements of communication are the message, sender, media, and receiver. It also describes two types of electromagnetic signals used for data transmission, two modes of transmitting data, and three techniques for controlling data flow direction. Finally, it identifies three common types of wires used as transmission media and explains cellular radio technology.

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Faidz Fuad
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31 views19 pages

CBCT2203 - Topic 9

This document discusses the basic concepts of communication in information technology. It defines communication as the transfer of messages between a sender and receiver. The four key elements of communication are the message, sender, media, and receiver. It also describes two types of electromagnetic signals used for data transmission, two modes of transmitting data, and three techniques for controlling data flow direction. Finally, it identifies three common types of wires used as transmission media and explains cellular radio technology.

Uploaded by

Faidz Fuad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CBCT 2203

Basic Concepts of
Information technology

Topic: 9
Communication
Objectives:

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:


• Describe FOUR basic elements of communication
• Identify communication as an important component of
information technology (IT)
• Explain about coder-decoder in a communication system
• Describe TWO types of electromagnetic signals for data
transmission
• Identify TWO modes of transmitting data
• Identify THREE techniques of controlling data flow direction
• Identify THREE types of wires used as media for transmission
• Explain the concept of cellular radio technology.

Page 2
Introduction
• Communication is simply the transfer or exchange of
messages, ideas, thoughts, information or knowledge by
means whatever forms like words, writing, behaviour or even
body language

• Data communication is more specialised term, targeting at


the collection and distribution of electronic data in the form
as text, voice, pictures, graphics via the telecommunication
network
Important Elements of Communication

• Communication is a process of sending data or information


from one person (or device) to another person (or device)
• Data or information can be in various forms, including text,
images, audios, signals, videos, graphics and others
• Communication can happen between people, computers,
computers and people, tools, and many more
Important Elements of Communication
A message can be in the form of files,
requests, replies, status, controls or mail

Message

Sender Media Receiver

The message transmitter The channel or vehicle


The target of the
or the place where a for carrying the message
message
message begins (communication media)
Eg: person, terminal,
Eg: person, an Eg: air, telephone line,
computer, printer, etc
application, machine, etc microwave, etc
Important Elements of Communication

Coder & • The coder’s function is to code the message of the sender so that
decoder it is altered into a suitable form for the media and decoder
converts it back into a form that is understood by receiver
Message • In a computer communication, data representation code or
understanding information will become the obstacle
• As such, there is a standard code for representing data such as
ASCII, EBCDIC and the latest is Unicode

Error detector • In a communication between sender and receiver, there is a need


for an error detector to ensure that the data sent is the same as
the one received by the receiver
Security • When data is sent, it will become an attraction for eavesdropping
• An example is buying goods via the Internet using credit cards
• The credit card number sent via this medium will be easily stolen
• Among security measures often used is encryption
Basic of Data Communication

• Data communication refers to the form of electronic


communication, which usually involves data transmission
between users and computer, computer and computer, and
computer and devices

• Features of data communication are:


- the types of signal
- mode of transmission
- data flow direction
- rate of transmission
Basic of Data Communication: Types of Signals
• Electromagnetic signals can be used to deliver information
through various transmission media

• Two forms of signals are:


1. Analogue Signals
• Are continuous
• Represented in the form of continuous sine wave
• Used in the low-speed telephone lines.
• Transmitted via public switched telephone network
(PSTN)
• The sine wave is featured by three parameters:
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Phases
Basic of Data Communication: Types of Signals

Frequency
• Number of recurring waves
• Measured in hertz (Hz), 1 cycle
per sec

Amplitude
• Height of wave or wave’s highest
energy level
• Measured in various units, e.g.
voltage (V) or decibel (dB)
• The stronger the signal, the higher
the amplitude
Basic of Data Communication: Types of Signals
Phase
• Rate of signal change with time that is measured in degrees
• Signals with the same frequency can have different phases, if they are compared
• In figure below, the bottom wave (b) has a different phase, i.e. phase 180° compared
with the top wave (a)
• One complete wave cycle begins at a point and continues until it reaches the point
again
• A shift in phases happens when one cycle is not yet complete, but one new cycle has
already begun before the previous cycle has completed fully
• This happens at point 1
Basic of Data Communication: Types of Signals
2. Digital Signals
• Digital signals are in two states only, i.e. low voltage and high voltage,
off and on or 0 and 1
• Like a discrete wave
• In the digital transmission, a series of discrete pulses are transmitted
or sent, carrying digit 0 and 1 similar to the binary data representation
in the computer
• Normally, digital signals are represented as rectangular waves
• Digital signals cannot be transmitted via public switched telephone
network, except after changing to the analogue signals
• The process of changing digital signals into the analogue one is called
modulating, while the reverse process is called demodulating
Mode of Data Transmission
Two forms of data transmission:
1. Parallel:
• Data delivered in one go, normally in one byte (8 bits) simultaneously
• If 8-bit data are sent, 8 parallel wires are used
• Example: printers receive data from computers via the parallel ports
• This transmission is suitable for short distances
• Not practical for data communication
• Computers normally transmit data in serial form because of the high speed
Mode of Data Transmission
2. Serial:
• Transmit data serially, where data are being sent one bit after one bit
• Slower than parallel transmission, but is more suitable for long distances
• It is the normal method of data transmission in a communication network
• In data communication, data are transmitted serially.
• Two modes of transmission for serially transmitted data are synchronous
transmission and asynchronous transmission
Data Flow Direction
Data Transmission Media

Twisted Pair Wire Coaxial Cable


• consists of a number of coloured and • made up of one or more copper wire
shielded wires that are twisted to strings that are shielded by insulator
create magnetic fields to reduce noise and covered with iron mesh
disturbances • support long distance connections
• often used for telephones
Data Transmission Media
Fibre Optic Cable Microwave System
• data transmitted in the form of light • uses air or sky space & radio system,
• pulses which uses high frequency to send
• low cost, high volume of transmission, and receive data
low error rate and safe for message • signals are sent in the form of line of
• Signals are converted into light pulses sight & cannot be bent
and shot by laser via shielded optical • Therefore, relay stations are used to
fibre link up microwave signals
Data Transmission Media
Satellite System Infrared
• used when the transmission distance • data transmission in the form of
is long and there exists many infrared radiation,
obstacles • limited to one small area only and is
• signals are carried via the satellite in based on the line of sight
microwave form • transmission rate is about 10Mbps
• Satellite is an electronic device that
contains up to 100 transponders
(small, specific radios) that receive,
strengthen and resend the signals
Data Transmission Media
Radio Telephone Network
• utilises the wireless transmission & • is called Public Switched Telephone
divided into Network (PSTN) that handles voice
- high frequency radio technology, • sometimes called Plain Old Telephone
can penetrate office walls but has Service (POTS)
limited coverage • has used various media such as
- low frequency radio technology, optical fibre, microwave system and
has a big penetrating power, wide satellite system
coverage but has a problem of • data can be sent by dial-up lines,
disturbances leased lines or dedicated lines

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