Mughal Administration

Mughal Empire
1526-1857
• Babur : 1526-1530
• Humayun: 1530-1540 & 1555-56
• Akbar: 1556-1605
• Jahangir : 1605-1627
• Shahjahan: 1628-1658
• Aurangzeb: 1658-1707
Later Mughals:1707-1857
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Mughal Administration
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King
Sultante King
Subha Subahdar
Sarkar Fouzdar
Paragana Shqdar
Panchayat
Muquddam
Central Administration
Vakil: revenue and military affairs
Diwan or Wazir: Revenue minister
Mir-Bakshi: head of military and intelligence
With the assistance of barids and waqui-navis
He reserved records of all appointments,
promotions, demotions, leave granted and
advances.
• Mir-Saman: He was in -charge of the
imperial household
• He was accountable of stores, supplies,
public works, royal industries and commerce.
• All important official papers were required
to be countersigned by the Mir Saman.
• Sadar-us-Sudur: Chief adviser of king in
religious matters.
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Other officials
Mir-i-Atish: head of ordinance department
Mir-i-Bahr: Supervised state boats and fleets
Daroga-i-dak chauki: in charge of information and
intelligence ( independent)
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• The Mughal Emperor was the Supreme
authority on entire executive, legislative,
judicial and military powers.
• Dastur-ul-Amals
• Rules books contain detailed rules and
regulations of both the provincial and
district administration were developed.
• Under Humayun 12, Akbar 15, Jahangir 18,
Shajahan 22, Aurangzeb 21 Provinces.
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Empire divided into Subhas or provinces
Each suba had…
Governor
Waqya
Dharoga-e-dak nawis
Sadar
Diwan + Qazi
Bakshi
Military
Each Sarkar had…
Fouzdar
Amalguzar Kotwal
revenue Law and judicial
Khazmandar
Bitikchi Potedar
Treasury Tax collection
Record
Every province was divided into Sarkars ( districts)
Fauzdar: he was the district level administrative
head.
Amalguzar: in charge of revenue of administration
He was under the direct control of Diwan, who was
the head of Revenue department at central level.
Bitikchi: he was assistant of Amal Guzar, worked as
record keeper of land revenue.
Potedar: Tax collector
Kotwal: He was responsible for maintenance of Law
and order and judicial head of town.
Paragana: or Mahal
• District was further sub divided in to
Paraganas
• Shiqdar: Law and order
• Amil : Revenue collection
• Kanungo: record keeper
Panchayats ( Village)
These panchayats were fully independent
bodies
Sarpanch: head of panchayat and elected by
public
Patwari: village accountant
Panchayats were also enjoyed certain judicial
power and decided minor disputes.
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Mughals Judicial
system
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The Emperor was considered the foundation of
justice.
The Emperor created a separate department of
Justice i.e., Mahukma-e-Adalat to regulate and
see that justice was administered properly.
The King was the supreme in providing the justice in
the state and acted as Independent.
As per opinion of Muslim jurists king should take the
final opinion on cases, Mughal rulers as
Independent in court decisions
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Emperor's Court
Chief Justice Court
Chief Revenue Court
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Emperor's Court
Original and appellate jurisdiction
Dharoga –e-Adalat
( Investigation officer)
Mufti
Mir Adal
Mohtasib-e-Mumalik
Attorney general
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A bench consisting of the Chief Justice and
other Qazis of the Chief justice’s court
assisted king.
Original and appeals allowed in the Emperor's
Court in order to obtain his impartial judgement.
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Chief Justice court
Qazi-ul-Qzat
2 Qazi
Daroga –e-Adalat, Mufti,
Mohatasib ( prosecutor)
Mir Adal ( administrative)
Court for Revenue
Diwan-e-Ala
Military Court
Qazi-e-Askar
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Provincial Courts
Adalat –e-Nizam-e-Subha
Original and appellate
Chief justice court
Qazi-e-Subha
Original, civil and criminal jurisdiction
Chief Revenue Court
Diwan-e-Subha
Appeals from revenue courts
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District ( sarkar)
Qazi-e-Sarkar
Civil and criminal
Darogha, Mir Adal, Mufti, Pandit , Mhotasib, Vakil-e-Sharayat
Faujdari –e-Adalat
Crimes against state security and revolt
Kotwali -e-sarkar
Police cases with in the town
Amalguzari
Revenue court
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Paragana courts
Adalat-e-Paragana
Kotwali-e-paragana
Kachehri
Amin
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Appointment of judges
The Chief justice and other judges of
higher rank were appointed by the
Emperor.
Sometimes, chief justice and other judges
were directly appointed from amongst the
eminent lawyers.
Through promotion also appointed from the
provincial courts
Provincial and district Quzis were also
appointed from lawyers.
The selection of a Quzi as a rule was made
from amongst the lawyers practicing in
the courts.
Men of high scholarship and reputed

sanctity of character were chosen as
judges.
Lawyers were also appointed as Chief

Mohtasib of the province.
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Institution of lawyers
• Litigations were presented before the court
by professional legal exerts.
• Two Indian Muslim codes
• Fiqh-e-Firoz Shahi and Fatwa-e-Alamgiri,
clearly state the duties of Vakil.
• Government advocates were for the first
time appointed in the reign of Shah Jahan to
defend civil suits against the state.
• Full-time lawyers were appointed in every
district during Aurangazeb reign.
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Central Courts
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Delhi Sultanate Mughals
Kings Court King's Court
Original and appellate jurisdiction
Diwan-e-Risalat
Dharoga –e-Adalat
Diwan-e-Mazalim Mufti, Mir Adal
2 Mufti Mohtasib-e-Mumalik
Chief Justice Court Chief justice court

(Qazi-ul-Qazat) Qazi-ul-Qzat
(Secular court) 2 Qazi
Mufti, Pandit, Daroga –e-Adalat, Mufti, Mir Adal
Mohtasib, Dadbak Diwani-e-Ala
Qazi-e-Askar 30
Sadre Jahan’s Court
Provincial courts
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Delhi Sultanate Mughals
Governor’s Court Governor’s Court
Adalat Nizam Subah Adalat –e-Nizam-e-Subha
Chief justice court
Adalat -Qazi-e-Subah Chief justice court
Chief revenue court Qazi-e-Subha
Diwan-e-Subha Chief revenue court
Sadr-e-Subha Diwan-e-Subha
Ecclesiastical officer of Appeals from revenue
the province courts
District courts
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Delhi Sultanate
Mughals
Shiq
Sarkar
Shiq Qazi’s court
Qazi-e-Sarkar
Mufti, Pandit, Mohtasib and
Darogha, Mir Adal, Mufti, Pandit ,
Dadbak Vakil-e-Sharayat
Faujdar Court Faujdari –e-Adalat
criminal cases ( security ) Crimes against state security
Sadre Court Amalguzari
Land grant and registration Revenue court
Amil’ Court Amil
Kotwal’s Court Kotwali e-sarkar
Police cases (town)
Paragana courts
Qazi-e-paragana Adalat-e-Paragana
Civil and criminal Kachehri
jurisdiction Amin
Kotwali
Kotwal Court Kotwali-e-paragana
Petty criminal cases
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Mughal Administration

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Mughal Administration

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Mughal Empire

Each suba had…

Men of high scholarship and reputed

Lawyers were also appointed as Chief

Chief Justice Court Chief justice court

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