Training

Cyclotron
Part 1
Basic Principles
Topics
A. Lorentz Force
B. Accelerators
I. Electrostatic Accelerators
II. Electromagnetic Accelerators
C. Cyclotrons
I. Governing relations in Cyclotrons
Lorentz Force

Where,
q: particle charge; E: Electric Field; B: Magnetic Field and v: particle speed
 Electric Force

 Magnetic Force
LORENTZ FORCE
 Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field

Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field

ACCELERATORS
 ELECTROSTATIC ACCELERATORS (DC)
 DC Accelerators
Limited to a energies up to a few MeV (1 MeV = qe . 1 MV = e.MV)  Need for
AC systems

Van de Graaff Cockcroft and Walton

MIT 1940s Fermilab
 ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATORS
To gain energy, a time-varying field is required
 Linear Accelerators (Non-Resonant) - Wideröe 1928, Alvarez 1946

Linear trajectory, no deflection magnet. Hollow drift tubes, Electric-field-free

interior. Accelerating gap between 2 drift tubes on different Electric potential.
Alternating Electric field switches polarity while particle is hidden.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATORS
 LINACS
Resonant structure. Synchronous. Alternating directions of the gap fields,
change while particle is hidden inside drift tube.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATORS
 LINACS
Resonant structure. Synchronous. Alternating directions of the gap fields,
change while particle is hidden inside drift tube.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATORS
 CIRCULAR ACCELERATORS
Cyclotrons, Synchrotrons, Synchrocyclotrons...
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•Governing Relation in Cyclotrons
A particle with mass m and charge q, in a uniform magnetic field B at radius r,
and having tangential velocity v, sees a centripetal force mv2/r at right angles to the
direction of motion. This force has the equilibrated by the magnetic force qvB:

or v = qBr/m

The particle’s angular frequency of rotation ω = v/r, can be expressed as

Cyclotron equation

The angular frequency of rotation seems to be independent of the velocity.

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•Energy
The maximum energy for a cyclotron with magnetic poles and dees or radius R is:

For H- in the TR-19

(Bavg ~ 1.2 Tesla, R=0.5 m)
-> Emax ~ 20 MeV

Therefore, the limit to the cyclotron's output energy for a given type of particle is
the strength of the magnetic field B, which is limited to about 2 T for ferromagnetic
electromagnets, and the radius of the dees R, which is determined by the diameter
of the magnet's pole pieces.
•A flat pole H-magnet electromagnet is sufficient to generate required

magnetic field
•Synchronized electric fields can be used to raise the ion energies as ions rotate

in the magnetic field

•Higher energy ions naturally move out in radius
•Highest possible closed ion orbit in the magnet sets the highest possible ion

energy
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•Relativity
There is a difficulty, we can’t ignore relativity:

Where m0 is the particle’s rest mass and γ is the Lorentz relativistic factor:

γ increases with the speed and therefore also the mass m. Replacing the relativistic
equation for the mass in the cyclotron equation for the angular frequency, we obtain
the relativistic expression for the angular frequency ω:
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The angular frequency of rotation ω is constant only for very low energy “classical“
cyclotrons. When the particle rotates at relativistic speeds, ω decreases inversely
proportional to the Lorentz factor γ. The following table shows the % of angular
frequency decrease for various Proton Energies.
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•RF Cavity Acceleration
Until now we described how a particle with mass m, charge q and tangential
velocity v rotates in a uniform magnetic field B. The velocity will stay constant if there
is no friction (collisions) or acceleration. In order to provide acceleration we can apply
an electrical acceleration of frequency ωRF a certain number of times h per revolution.
The first cyclotrons provided acceleration twice per revolution using “Dee” shaped
electrodes.
Accelerating RF voltage has to be switched with frequency of gap crossings:

The particle gains an energy of qV each time it crosses the gap between the Dees.
The orbit radius increases with the energy, resulting in a particle path in spiral form.
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•Frequency
Using the previous expression the RF frequency ωRF and the relativistic cyclotron
equation for we obtain a relativistic cyclotron resonance condition in terms of the
frequency and the magnetic field B for a specific particle:

For H- in the TR-19 (Bavg ~ 1.2 Tesla, h=4) -> FRF ~ 74.2 MHz
•Phase
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•Phase stability and beam Bunching
•Particles of different energies have differences in velocity and in orbit length; then,
particles may be asynchronous with the RF frequency. The RF field, however, may
have a restoring force at a certain phase, around which asynchronous particles be
captured, that is to say bunched. This enables a stable, continuous acceleration of the
whole particles in a bunch to high energies. Circular accelerators based on this
principle are called “synchrotrons” or “synchronous cyclotrons.”
•Assume a sinusoidal RF electric field in an RF cavity gap with a phase ϕ and its
acceleration voltage be Va(< V0). Then in one RF period, there are there are two ϕ’s
which satisfy:

Only one of the two ϕ’s can capture particles, which make oscillations around the
phase. These oscillations are called synchrotron oscillation and the phase is the
synchronous phase ϕs.
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•Phase stability and Beam Bunching
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•Electrostatic Focusing at the “Dee” gap
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•Types of cyclotrons
The left factor hq/m0 in the expression for the cyclotron frequency is constant.
Therefore, the condition to accelerate particles at relativistic energies, the RF
frequency ωRF divided by the magnetic field B must be proportional to the Lorentz
factor γ.

How to manage this relativistic problem? There are three types of cyclotrons:
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 Movement of a particle in a cyclotron

1. Cyclotron Movie
2. IBA Cyclotron Movie
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 Flat pole magnet
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 Increase B radially?
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 Decrease B radially?
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 Sector Focused Cyclotrons
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 Sector focused cyclotron
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 Thomas Focusing
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 FODO Cells and Alternating gradient
The magnet edges act as Focusing or Defocusing lenses. The combination of
one focusing and one defocusing lenses of the same intensities is called a FODO
cell. It produces a net focusing effect. The effect produced by a series of
alternating focusing and defocusing lenses is called alternating gradient or
strong focusing. This method of keeping the beam particles tightly constrained
inside a vacuum chamber is used for beam transport lines and inside particle
accelerators vacuum chambers.
In the following figure, convex lenses are for horizontal focusing and concave
lenses for vertical focusing. I The red curves are beam envelopes
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 Sector Magnets Horizontal Edge Focusing
The figure shows the horizontal motion of a particle in a uniform field sector
magnet. The particles out of the main orbit travel a longer path to reach the
exit gap. These particles will exit at an angle being subject to a net focusing
effect. This uniform field sector magnet acts as a thick lens with a curved main
axis.
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 Sector Magnets Vertical Edge Focusing
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 TR-19