Scribd
Upload
80 views21 pages

GEN214 - Session 1

Here are some key points Bangladesh may consider regarding the meaning of development: - Development is seen as both a process and destination for Bangladesh. The process involves transforming the economy and society through initiatives like industrialization, urbanization, reducing poverty and inequality. - The destination Bangladesh aims for is a modern, self-reliant nation with a higher standard of living, quality education and healthcare, less poverty, gender equality and a sustainable environment. - To achieve this, Bangladesh focuses on economic growth through expanding industries, agriculture and services. It also works to strengthen infrastructure, administrative systems, ensure political stability and empower citizens. - Non-economic goals like improving human development indicators, greater access to opportunities and enhancing individual freedoms are

Uploaded by

Mir Rafiul Haque
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
80 views21 pages

GEN214 - Session 1

Here are some key points Bangladesh may consider regarding the meaning of development: - Development is seen as both a process and destination for Bangladesh. The process involves transforming the economy and society through initiatives like industrialization, urbanization, reducing poverty and inequality. - The destination Bangladesh aims for is a modern, self-reliant nation with a higher standard of living, quality education and healthcare, less poverty, gender equality and a sustainable environment. - To achieve this, Bangladesh focuses on economic growth through expanding industries, agriculture and services. It also works to strengthen infrastructure, administrative systems, ensure political stability and empower citizens. - Non-economic goals like improving human development indicators, greater access to opportunities and enhancing individual freedoms are

Uploaded by

Mir Rafiul Haque
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

What is Development?

Summer 2020
GEN214: Introduction to Development Studies
Faculty: Ruhun Wasata
Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Relations
Email: [email protected]
What is the meaning of ‘Development’?

• Development can be
perceived as:
• Both process and the
destination
• The process away from • Development is a state of mind,
underdevelopment of rising a tendency, a direction rather
out of poverty than a fixed goal, it is a rate of
change in a particular
direction.
• - Gunner Myrdal

• -E. W. Weidener
• Growth, income generation, • Freedom of speech,
reduction of poverty, (equal) right of
wealth distribution participation,
political system
supporting other
structures/systems
of any country

Economic Political
Development Development

Administrative Social
Development Development

• Enabling an adaptive, dynamic, • Social equality, no


problem solving, innovative racial, religious or
administration that bolsters all any other type of
the other areas of development discrimination
Development as Modernity
Development as Modernity

• Modernity: the condition of Limitations:


being modern, new or up-to- • Eradication of cultural
date, so the idea of modernity practices
situates people in time (Ogbon
2005: 339). • Destruction of natural
environment
• In economic term:
industrialization, urbanization • Decline in the quality of life.
and increase use of technology
within all sectors of the
economy.
Development as an Economic Process

• Economic development in 1950s:


• In economic terms, development =
capacity of nation to generate and sustain
an annual increase in its GNP 5% or
more.
• This led to: three world’s model and
distinction between the rich and poor
countries:
• First world, development or advanced
capitalistic nations
• Second world, developed or advanced
socialist nations
• Third world, developing, underdeveloped
and least developed nations.

http://shapeoftheworld1415.weebly.com/aphg/frq-essay-practice
Problems of Development as an economic
process (1950)
1. Competitiveness of the market and externalities are not reflected
2. How wealth is distributed?
3. Does not reflect underground economy?/ ineffective governance, informal
sector and rural economy
4. Socialist countries have different definitions of income
5. High total cost due to cold winter or size of a country
6. Prices of non-traded products are not appropriately reflected in exchange rate.
7. Underreporting pf income by developing countries. For example: problem in
collection of data.
8. Currency fluctuations?
Economic Development (1970s)
• Disillusionment with the idea.
• Redefined: reduction of poverty, inequality and unemployment
within the growing context of economy.
• Increasing emphasis on redistribution for growth.
• Increasing emphasis on non economic social indicators.
Economic Development in 1990s
World Bank (WB) in its World Development Report asserted that the
‘challenge of development is to improve the quality of life. It includes
• Higher Income
• Better Education
• Higher standard of health and nutrition
• Less poverty
• Cleaner environment
• More Equality of Opportunities
• Greater individual Freedom
• Richer cultural life
• Human Development
Index
• Initiated in 1990 and
undertaken by UNDP
• HDI based on three goals:
• Longevity
• Knowledge
• Standard of living
• Scale: 0 - 1
• HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy
index) + 1/3 (education
index)+ 1/3 (GDP index)=
Development as Improvement 1/3 (0.764) + 1/3 (0.876) +
1/3 (0.735) = 0,792
of Non-Economic Factors
Development as a Multidimensional
Process
• Involves reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and
social system.
• In addition to income and output, changes in institutional, social
and administrative structures, attitude, even customs and beliefs.
So… Development is:
• Development is a highly-contested concept.
• A vision description and measures of the state of being of a desirable society
• A historical process of social change in which societies are transformed over long
periods
• As consisting of deliberate efforts aimed at improvement on the part of various
agencies, including government and all kinds of organizations and social movements
(Allan Thomas).
• “A comprehensive societal process to move the underdeveloped nations from their state
of economic backwardness and slow sociocultural change to a dynamic state
characterized by sustained economic growth and sociocultural and political
transformation that improves the quality of life of all members of society”
• Development as Freedom and People Centered Approach.
Discussion question:
• What does Bangladesh as a country mean by development?
• Is it a process or destination in Bangladesh?
• If it is a process, what are the things we want to achieve via
development in Bangladesh?
• If it a destination, what is the process we are following to achieve
this destination?

You might also like