Scribd
Upload
149 views11 pages

Cohesion and Coherence

The document discusses the differences between cohesion and coherence in writing. Cohesion refers to the connection of ideas at the sentence level through techniques like repeated words, reference words, transition signals, substitution, and ellipsis. Coherence refers to the organization and connection of ideas at a broader level to ensure the text is comprehensible to readers. While cohesion focuses on grammatical aspects, coherence deals with rhetorical elements such as developing arguments and integrating sources.

Uploaded by

Hamza Shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
149 views11 pages

Cohesion and Coherence

The document discusses the differences between cohesion and coherence in writing. Cohesion refers to the connection of ideas at the sentence level through techniques like repeated words, reference words, transition signals, substitution, and ellipsis. Coherence refers to the organization and connection of ideas at a broader level to ensure the text is comprehensible to readers. While cohesion focuses on grammatical aspects, coherence deals with rhetorical elements such as developing arguments and integrating sources.

Uploaded by

Hamza Shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Cohesion and Coherence

?????
• Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level
•
• Cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence
level.
• coherence refers to the “rhetorical” aspects of your
writing: developing and supporting argument,
synthesizing and integrating readings, organizing and
clarifying ideas.

• cohesion of writing focuses on the grammatical aspects of


writing.
Cont….
• 'cohesion' and 'coherence' often used together with a similar
meaning relating to making a text a unified whole.

• How they differ


• Cohesion relates to the micro level of the text, i.e. the words
and sentences and how they join together. 

• Coherence is the organization and connection of ideas to


make them understood by the reader and is concerned with
the macro level features of a text: topic sentences, 
thesis statement, the summary in the concluding paragraph
How to achieve cohesion
• Good cohesion is achieved through the following five main
methods:
• repeated words/ideas
• reference words
• transition signals
• substitution
• ellipsis
•  
• Less discussed are:
•  shell nouns and thematic development
Repeated words/ideas
• to repeat words, or to repeat ideas using different words (synonyms)
• Cohesion is an important feature of academic writing. It can help
ensure that your writing coheres or 'sticks together', which will
make it easier for the reader to follow the main ideas in your essay
or report. You can achieve good cohesion by paying attention to
five important features. The first of these is repeated words. The
second key feature is reference words. The third one is transition
signals. The fourth is substitution. The final important aspect is
ellipsis.

• the word cohesion including (coheres)


writing including the phrase essay or report, which is a synonym
for writing.
important features are also repeated, again using synonyms: key
feature, important aspect.
Reference words
• Reference words used to refer to something mentioned elsewhere in the
text, usually in a preceding sentence.

• The most common type is pronouns, such as 'it' or 'this' or 'these'.

• Cohesion is an important feature of academic writing. It can help ensure


that your writing coheres or 'sticks together', which will make it easier for
the reader to follow the main ideas in your essay or report. You can
achieve good cohesion by paying attention to five important features.
The first of these is repeated words. The second key feature is reference
words. The third one is transition signals. The fourth is substitution. The
final important aspect is ellipsis.

• It, which and these are the reference words used for the ideas and
concepts in the preceding sentences.
Transition signals
• Transition signals/cohesive devices /linking words show the relationship between
ideas.
• Examples
• for example - used to give examples
• in contrast - used to show a contrasting or opposite idea
• first - used to show the first item in a list
• as a result - used to show a result or effect

• Cohesion is an important feature of academic writing. It can help ensure that


your writing coheres or 'sticks together', which will make it easier for the reader
to follow the main ideas in your essay or report. You can achieve good cohesion
by paying attention to five important features. The first of these is repeated
words. The second key feature is reference words. The third one is transition
signals. The fourth is substitution. The final important aspect is ellipsis.
Substitution
• Substitution means using one or more words to replace
• substitution is usually limited to the clause which follows the word(s) being
substituted,
• whereas reference words can refer to something far back in the text.

• The most common words used for substitution are one, so, and auxiliary verbs
such as do, have and be.
• Example.
• Drinking alcohol before driving is illegal in many countries, since doing so can
seriously impair one's ability to drive safely.

• Cohesion is an important feature of academic writing. It can help ensure that


your writing coheres or 'sticks together', which will make it easier for the reader
to follow the main ideas in your essay or report. You can achieve good cohesion
by paying attention to five important features. The first of these is repeated
words. The second key feature is reference words. The third one is transition
signals. The fourth is substitution. The final important aspect is ellipsis.
Ellipsis
• Ellipsis means leaving out one or more words, and still
meaning is clear from the context
• Ellipsis is sometimes called substitution by zero,
•  Example:
• the phrase 'The fourth is', which means 'The fourth
[important feature] is'
•  Cohesion is an important feature of academic writing. It can
help ensure that your writing coheres or 'sticks together',
which will make it easier for the reader to follow the main
ideas in your essay or report. You can achieve good cohesion
by paying attention to five important features. The first of
these is repeated words. The second key feature is reference
words. The third one is transition signals. The fourth
is substitution. The final important aspect is ellipsis.
Shell nouns
• Shell nouns/ abstract nouns/carrier nouns/ signaling nouns/anaphoric nouns
summarize the meaning of preceding or succeeding information.

• Examples :
• approach, aspect, category, challenge, change, characteristics, class, difficulty,
effect, event, fact, factor, feature, form, issue, manner, method, problem, process,
purpose, reason, result, stage, subject, system, task, tendency, trend, and type.

• used with pronouns 'this', 'these', 'that' or 'those', or with the definite article
'the'.

• Virus transmission can be reduced via frequent washing of hands, use of face
masks, and isolation of infected individuals. These methods, however, are not
completely effective and transmission may still occur, especially among health
workers who have close contact with infected individuals.

• An increasing number of overseas students are attending university in the UK.


This trend has led to increased support networks for overseas students.
Good luck

You might also like