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Important Statistical Terms: Population

This document defines important statistical terms related to populations, samples, and sampling methods. It explains that a population includes all measurements of interest, while a sample is a subset of the population. There are different types of sampling, including probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling uses random selection and allows generalization to the larger population, while non-probability sampling aims to provide insights on specific cases. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Non-probability methods include quota sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and accidental sampling.

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Pamela Gabriel
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67 views27 pages

Important Statistical Terms: Population

This document defines important statistical terms related to populations, samples, and sampling methods. It explains that a population includes all measurements of interest, while a sample is a subset of the population. There are different types of sampling, including probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling uses random selection and allows generalization to the larger population, while non-probability sampling aims to provide insights on specific cases. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Non-probability methods include quota sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and accidental sampling.

Uploaded by

Pamela Gabriel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Important statistical terms

Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all responses,
measurements, or counts that are
of interest)

Sample:
A subset of the population
Sampling
• Part of statistical practice concerned with the
selection of individual observations intended
to yield some knowledge about a population
of concern, especially for the purposes of
statistical inference.
Why sampling?

Get information about large populations


 Less costs
 Less field time
 More accuracy i.e. can do a better job of data
collection
 When it’s impossible to study the whole
population
Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the
investigator wants to generalize his results
Sampling Unit:
smallest unit from which sample can be
selected
Sampling frame
List of all the sampling units from which
sample is drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from
sampling frame
Sample Size
• Statistics is a way of looking at a population’s
behavior by taking a sample.
• It’s usually impossible to survey every
member of a population because of money or
time. 
• In survey, usually a sample size of 100 may
suffice. However, some use the Slovin’s
formula in determining the sample size.
Slovin’s Formula

N
n = _____________________
1 + Ne2

where: n = sample size


N = population size
e = allowable error (may b 5%, 10% or 15%)
Example:
• Population size = 1000
• Allowable error = 5%
• Then,
1000
n = ----------------------------
1 + 1000 (.05)2
= 286
Types of sampling

• Non-probability samples

• Probability samples
Probability Sampling
• Probability sampling is designed to allow
extrapolation from a small, highly
representative sample, to a larger population.
• This statistical inference allows us to describe
a population.
• Used when you want to answer the “where”
and “how many” questions.
Every possible sample of size n out of a population of N has an equally likely chance
of occurring
Simple ramdom sampling

Use of Lottery or FishBowl technique


Use of random numbers
• There are 800 students currently enrolled in
your school. You wish to form a sample of ten
students to answer some survey questions.
• Assign numbers 001 to 800 to each student.
On the table of random numbers, choose a starting place at
random (anywhere, let’s pick the 5th column, 2nd row.)

5th column, 2nd row. Read numbers in grouping of three digits.


Get the first 10 groupings.
261, 046, 731, 800, 701, 349, 866, 675, 199, 723, 596,… The
students assigned these numbers will be sampled.
Stratified Ramdom Sampling
• Involves selecting independent samples from a
number of subpopulations, groups or strata
within the population.
• In stratified random sampling, the strata are
formed based on their members sharing a
specific attribute or characteristic.
• A simple random sample from each stratum is
taken, in a number proportional to the stratum’s
size when compared to the population.
Systematic Random Sampling
When we choose every “nth”
individual in a population.
It is a method of selecting a
sample from a larger population
using a random starting point and a
fixed, periodic interval.
Typically, every “nth” member is
selected from the total population
for inclusion in the sample.
Systematic sampling is still
thought of as being random, as
long as the periodic interval (r) is
determined beforehand and the
starting point is random.
Sampling interval, k

k = N/n
where: N = population size
n = sample size
* the ramdom start (r) can be chosen by
lottery or with the use of the table of random
numbers.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
Cluster Sampling
4. Cluster Random Sampling
→ population is organized into groups;
→ groups are randomly selected, and all
members of the group are sampled;
→ for example, divide our school into
homerooms, randomly select homerooms,
and sample all students in selected
homerooms.
Multi-Stage Random Sampling
→ population is
organized into groups;
→ randomly select
groups, and then
randomly select
members in these groups
(an equal number
selected per group);
→ for example, repeat
the steps for Cluster
Random Sampling, but
then randomly select
students in each selected
homeroom
NON-Probability Sampling
• Used when you want to say something about
a discrete phenomena, a few select cases
(people, places, objects, etc.) or when you
want to answer the “how” and “why”
questions.
Quota Sampling
• Usually used for opinion surveys and market
researches. The interviewer is usually given a
definite number of quota to interview
different social classes or groups
• He may be instructed to interview 100 people
- 50 men and 50 women, 20 each with men
and women between 21 and 29 years and the
remaining sample size must be between 30 to
35 years of age.
Purposive Sampling
• Also termed as judgemental sampling
• The researcher uses his judgement about
which respondents to choose and picks only
those who best meet the purposes of his
study.
SNOWBALL Sampling
Accidental Sampling
• There is no system of collection but only those
whom the researcher or interviewer meets by
chance are included in the study

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