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Engineering Statistics

This document discusses various measures of central tendency including: 1. The mean, which is the sum of all values divided by the number of values. It can be used for both grouped and ungrouped data. 2. The median, which is the middle value of an ordered data set. It is used to describe central tendency for ungrouped data. 3. The mode, which is the value that occurs most frequently. It can be used for both grouped and ungrouped data. 4. Other measures like geometric mean and harmonic mean are also discussed briefly. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure of central tendency.

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Ahmed Suhail
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60 views14 pages

Engineering Statistics

This document discusses various measures of central tendency including: 1. The mean, which is the sum of all values divided by the number of values. It can be used for both grouped and ungrouped data. 2. The median, which is the middle value of an ordered data set. It is used to describe central tendency for ungrouped data. 3. The mode, which is the value that occurs most frequently. It can be used for both grouped and ungrouped data. 4. Other measures like geometric mean and harmonic mean are also discussed briefly. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure of central tendency.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Suhail
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Three

Measure of Central Tendency


  
Measure of location are statistical parameters, giving an estimate of
the data center, being typical of all measurement.
1.Mathmatical Mean :
Is the sum of measurements divided by sample size.
 For ungrouped Data:
=
 For Grouped Data:
=
  
Example: What is the mathematical mean for the following data?
2,4,6,10,15,18,31,31
Solution:
=
Example: What is the mathematical mean for the table below?

Class Frequency Class Class mid point (


limit Boundary
 
Solution:
45-49 4 47 44.5-49.5 188 =
50-54
50-54 10
10 52
52 49.5-54.5
49.5-54.5 520
520
55-59
55-59 11
11 57
57 54.5-59.5
54.5-59.5 627
627
60-64
60-64 66 62
62 59.5-64.5
59.5-64.5 327
327
65-69 6 67 64.5-69.5 402
65-69 6 67 64.5-69.5 402
70-74 2 72 69.5-74.5 144
70-74 2 72 69.5-74.5 144
75-79 1 77 74.5-79.5 77
75-79 1 77 74.5-79.5 77
40 2330
40 2330
  
2.Median:Is the measurement of an ordered array.
Example: What is the median for the following data?
3,8,4,10,0,-1,-3
Solution:
First of all, we need to arrange the data set in order.
The ordered set is as follows: -3,-1,0,3,4,8,10
Since the number of values is odd, the median will be the middle value in
ordered set.Thuse, the median will be found in the fourth position, since we
have a total of 7 values.
Note: Is there is an even number of values, then the median will be the
sample average of the two middle numbers.
Example: What is the median for the following data?
2,7,1,15,4,16
First of all, we need to arrange the data set in order.
1,2,4,7,15,16
  
For Grouped Data:
)

Where:

.(W+Precison)

For Same example:

Fourth Class is the median class, Since

=57.22
  
3. Mode: Is the measurement that occurs with the greatest
frequency.
 For Ungrouped Data:
For Example:
14,19,16,21,19,24,18,19
Mode=19
For sample :6,7,7,3,8,3,9,5
Mode=3,7
 For Grouped Data:
  
Where:

.(W+Precison)

For Same example:

Fourth Class is the Modal class,

Since

=55.333
  
4. Geometric Mean: a measure of central tendency calculated by multiplying
a series of numbers and taking the nth root of the product, where n, is the number
of items in the series.

Note: Geometric mean is used when finding an average for numbers presented as
percentages.

For Ungrouped Data:

Example: I the amounts allocated for a project increased by 10% for the first year
and 20% in the second year and 50% in the third year, What is the annual rate of
increase occurring.

Solution:
For  Grouped Data:

=
Example: Find the geometric mean for the data below:

Class Frequency Class mid point


Limit (xi)
10-12 3 11
13-15 5 14
16-18 7 17
19-21 8 20
22-24 6 23
25-27 1 26

Solution: =
=
5. Harmonic
   Mean The mean od a set od positive variables
calculated by dividing the number of observations by the reciprocal
of each number in the series.
For Ungrouped Data:

Example: Find the harmonic mean for the data below:


3,9,27,81,243
Solution:

=
 
For

Grouped Data:
=
For same example:

=
=
Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and Mode
A distribution in which the values of mean, median and mode coincide (i.e. mean
= median = mode) is known as a symmetrical distribution. Conversely, when
values of mean, median and mode are not equal the distribution is known as
asymmetrical or skewed distribution.
Example:
Form the table below find:
1. Arithmetic mean.
2. Mode.
3. Median.
4. Empirical relationship between 1, 2
and 3
Solution:
Class limit Class Boundary Freq. Xi .fi
10-14 9.5-14.5 1 1 12
15-19 14.5-19.5 4 5 68
20-24 19.5-24.5 6 11 132
25-29 24.5-29.5 15max. 26 405
30-34 29.5-34.5 10 36 320
35-39 34.5-39.5 9 45 333
40-44 39.5-44.5 7 52 294
45-49 44.5-49.5 3 55 141
50-54 49.5-54.5 1 56 52
  ∑=56 ∑=1757
 2. To find mode class: max fi=15
(25-29) is the mode class.

Lm=24.5
∆L=15-6=9
∆H=15-10=5
Cm=5
=27.71
3.
   find median class: n\2=56\2=28
To
(30-34) is the median class.
 

4. Mode < Median <Mean


 27.71 < 30.5 < 31.75
The curve skewed to the right (+Ve skewness)

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