Cancer

11/6/20
Key words: mitosis, tumour, risk factors,
metastasis
Starter: Entry ticket for this lesson…

1.What are some of the risk factors of getting

cancer?
2.Make a list of the types of cancer you have
heard of
 Cancer
LO: To identify and differentiate between malignant
and benign tumours, and explain how cancer spreads
• State what a tumour is (4)
• Differentiate between benign and
malignant tumours (5)
• Explain how cancer spreads and how
we treat it (6)
• Apply your knowledge to past paper
questions (7)
The big picture: “What is cancer?”
Learning outcomes
• To explain the risk factors which may lead
to cancer.
• To analyse how secondary tumours are
formed.
• To relate cancer to our knowledge of the
cell cycle and mitosis
How does cancer start?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BJ8_
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Every 2 minutes someone is
diagnosed with cancer in the
UK

1 in 3 people will get cancer

Cancer causes ¼ of
all deaths in the UK

420 people die from cancer

every day - 1 every 4 minutes

7.5 million people are diagnosed

with cancer each year worldwide.
What is cancer?
• Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
• Mainly caused by genetic mutation
• Growth leads to tumours

• Tumours can be:

• Benign
• Malignant
Benign vs malignant
 Genes
Age Smoking

Lifestyle Causes of cancer Body

weight

Alcohol Sun
Diet exposure
Most common cancers in UK
Breast cancer
Most common cancer in
women

1/8 women

mammogram
130 are diagnosed each day

340 men diagnosed each

year

mastectomy
2/3 survive for over 20 years
after diagnosis
Testicular cancer
• Most common between 15-44

• 2000 men diagnosed each year in UK

• Survival rate is 95%

 Tumours and communicable
diseases
• The human papilloma virus (HPV) can
cause cervical cancer This is the reason for
the PAP smear!
Lung cancer
• 108 people diagnosed every day

• Less than 10% survive

• Most common cause of cancer death 1 in 5

• 95 people die a day

• SMOKING CAUSES 90% OF CASES

 Radiotherapy
• High energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill
cancer cells by damaging their DNA.
 Chemotherapy
• Drugs that stop
cells dividing or
cause them to self-
destruct.
• Can also harm
healthy cells
• Used to cure,
control and ease
symptoms
Developing: Give a definition of these terms: cancer, tumour

Consolidating: What is mitosis?

Securing: What is the difference between a benign tumour and a

malignant tumour

Accomplishing: What are the differences between the cell cycle of a

healthy cell, and the cell cycle of a cancerous cell?

Mastering +: Explain how secondary tumours occur due to metastasis.

Resources: IPADS/ Phones- cancer research and other charity

websites and GCSE sites are best 
Now apply yourself....

End
Review of answers...
Types of cancer
We are going to learn about 6 different types of cancers.

Your table have 3 minutes only which each fact sheet before you
pass the sheet onto the next group.

For each cancer write down:

- The name of the cancer
- The risk factors of this type of cancer
- The areas of the body/ people it effects
Extension: ways to reduce risk of this cancer
 Self-assessment
(a)     (i)      (as a result of) uncontrolled / abnormal growth / division of cells 1

(ii)     benign tumours do not invade / spread to other tissues / do not form secondary tumours
• accept converse for malignant, accept benign tumours do not metastasise 1

(b)     via the blood / circulatory system 1

(c)     (i)      incidence is increasing 1

• more rapidly (over the years) 1
• difference between rich and poor areas is getting less or the incidence is rising fastest in
people from poor areas, accept converse for people from rich areas 1

(ii)     risk factor is UV from sunlight 1

• more UK citizens going abroad or taking holidays in the Sun or poorer people can afford
holidays in the Sun or more poorer people are taking holidays in the Sun 1
what have we learnt today?
• State what a tumour is (4)
• Differentiate between benign and
malignant tumours (5)
• Explain how cancer spreads and
how we treat it (6)
• Apply your knowledge to past
paper questions (7)
Task: In your books write a sentence or two discussing which learning objectives
you have reached today.
1. Are there any bits you found easy or interesting?
2. Are there any parts you found difficult?
3. How could you improve on your current knowledge?
Resources
Lung cancer Risks of lung cancer
• By far the biggest cause of lung
cancer is smoking. It causes more
Types of lung cancer than 8 out of 10 cases (86%)
There are two main types of lung
including a small proportion caused
cancer- small cell lung cancer and non- by exposure to second hand smoke
small cell lung cancer. They are treated in non smokers (passive smoking).
differently. • Other causes include: air pollution,
• Small cell lung cancer- Small cell exposure to radon gas, previous lung
lung cancer is called this because diseases and family history
when the cancer cells are looked at
under a microscope they are very
small. Small cell lung cancer is usually
caused by smoking, and it’s rare for
someone who has never smoked to Preventing lung cancer
develop this type of lung cancer. • Do not smoke/ stay away from
Small cell lung cancer is often fast- others who are smoking
growing and can spread quickly. • Maintain a healthy diet
• Non-small cell lung cancer- There • Exercise regularly
are three main types of non-small cell
lung cancer. The cancer cells appear
bigger under a microscope.
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the United Kingdom (excluding non melanoma skin
cancer). Around 43,500 people are diagnosed in the UK each year.
 What is skin cancer?

Skin cancer • There are two types of skin cancer: Melanoma

and non-melanoma.
• Non-melanoma skin cancer refers to a group of
Risks of skin cancer: cancers that slowly develop in the upper layers
of the skin.
• Exposure to the sun’s
rays • Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can
spread to other organs in the body.
• Using sunbeds
• Fair skin
• Red hair
• Age Preventing skin cancer
• Wear high factor sun cream
• Family history • Stay out of the sun in the
• Other skin conditions heat of the day
• Sunburn • Do not use sunbeds
• Wear a hat and sunglasses
• Moles and freckles

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world!

 Risks of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer • HPV virus

• Smoking
• Sexually transmitted infections e.g. chlamydia
What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that • Being overweight
develops in a woman's cervix (the • Long term use of oral contraceptives
entrance to the womb from the vagina). • Family history

Almost all cases of cervical cancer are • Having multiple pregnancies

caused by the
human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is a
very common virus that can be passed on Preventing cervical cancer
through any type of sexual contact with • Using condoms
a man or a woman. There are more than • HPV Vaccinations now given in
100 different types of HPV, many of schools
which are harmless. However, some types • The NHS carries out routine
of HPV can cause abnormal changes to cervical smear tests for women
the cells of the cervix, which can over the age of 25.
eventually lead to cervical cancer • Do not smoke
What is breast cancer?
Risks of breast cancer
• There are several different • Age
types of breast cancer, which • Women are at a greater
can develop in different parts of
the breast. This can occur in risk than men
both males and females! • Inherited genes
• Breast cancer is often divided • Race and ethnicity (white

Breast cancer
into non-invasive and invasive women have higher risk)
types.
• Non-invasive breast cancer:
this cancer is found in the ducts Preventing risks of breast cancer
of the breast and hasn't • Breast cancer screening for
developed the ability to spread
outside the breast. those over the age of 45- uses
a mammogram (see picture to
• Invasive breast cancer:
Invasive cancer has the ability
the right).
to spread outside the breast, • Regular exercise and healthy
although this doesn't necessarily diet
mean it has spread. • Breastfeeding can reduce your
risk

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK!

 What is testicular cancer?
Cancer of the testicles, also known as testicular
Testicular cancer cancer, is one of the less common cancers. It usually
affects younger men between the ages of 15 and 49.

Risks of testicular cancer

• Men born with abnormal testicles
• Middle aged men
• Race (more common in white men)
• Family history
• Tall men are more at risk Preventing testicular cancer
• Safe sex (use condoms)
• Smoking • Do not smoke
• Infertility • Get regularly checked at the GP
• Sexually transmitted infections e.g.
HIV Testicular cancer is difficult to prevent
 What are brain tumours?
• A brain tumour is a growth of cells in the brain
Brain tumours
that multiplies in an abnormal, uncontrollable
way.
• It can either be cancerous (malignant) or non-
cancerous (benign).
• Brain tumours are graded from 1 to 4
according to their behaviour, such as how fast
they grow and how likely they are to grow back
after treatment.

Risk factors of brain tumours

• Age Preventing brain tumours
• Medical radiation
• Don’t drink or smoke
• Previous cancers
• Genetic history
• Healthy diet and exercise
• Being overweight • If you show any symptoms go to a GP to be checked
• Smoking ASAP. E.g. persistent headaches, drowsiness, vomiting,
problems with vision and seizures.
• Alcohol