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Geographic Information System (GIS) : Training

This document provides information about geographic information systems and map projections. It discusses how map projections take locations on the curved earth's surface and display them on a flat surface according to set rules. It describes the properties of map projections, including how they maintain or change area, shape, distance and direction. It then discusses coordinate systems used to identify locations, including plane and polar systems using latitude and longitude. The document focuses on the Universal Transverse Mercator projection system, how it divides the globe into zones to reduce distortion, and the specific parameters and coordinate system used for Nepal.

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48 views13 pages

Geographic Information System (GIS) : Training

This document provides information about geographic information systems and map projections. It discusses how map projections take locations on the curved earth's surface and display them on a flat surface according to set rules. It describes the properties of map projections, including how they maintain or change area, shape, distance and direction. It then discusses coordinate systems used to identify locations, including plane and polar systems using latitude and longitude. The document focuses on the Universal Transverse Mercator projection system, how it divides the globe into zones to reduce distortion, and the specific parameters and coordinate system used for Nepal.

Uploaded by

ArenPrajapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geographic Information System

(GIS)
Training
 (14th Ashar– 24th Ashar 2072)

Projection System

Raghu N. Prajapati
[email protected]
MAP PROJECTION
• a map projection is a system in which locations
on the curved surface of the earth are displayed
on a flat sheet or surface according to some set
of rules
• mathematically, projection is a process of
transforming global location (latitude,longitude)
to a planar position (x,y) or (r,θ)
Properties and Classification of Map
Projections
Properties
• Area (maintains the area but shape may
change)
• Shape (maintains the shape but the area may
change)
• Distance (maintains the distance)
• Direction (maintains the direction as on real
ground)
Geographic co-ordinate system of earth
• coordinates are used to identify locations on the
earth's surface
• are based on measurements of displacement from a
given location
• two types coordinates system used here are
– plane coordinate systems (x,y)
– polar coordinate system (r,θ)
The Prime Meridian and the
Equator are the reference
planes used to define latitude
and longitude
FIGURE OF THE EARTH
• Plane (at scales larger than 1:10,000 planar
representation has little effect on accuracy )
• Sphere
• assume the earth is perfectly spherical
– does not truly represent the earth's shape
• Spheroid or ellipsoid of rotation the spheroid models
the fact that the earth's diameter at the equator is
greater than the distance between poles, by about
0.3% (6378km,6357km)
• the difference is unlikely to affect mapping of the
globe at scales smaller than 1:10,000,000
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)

• UTM provides georeferencing at high levels of


precision for the entire globe
• Established in 1936 by the International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics
– adopted by the US Army in 1947
– adopted by many national and international mapping
agencies
• Is commonly used in topographic and thematic
mapping, for referencing satellite imagery and as a
basis for widely distributed spatial databases
• Nepal uses UTM projection
Transverse Mercator Projection
• results from wrapping the cylinder around the poles
rather than around the equator
• the central meridian is the meridian where the
cylinder touches the sphere
– theoretically, the central meridian is the line of zero
distortion
– by rotating the cylinder around the poles
– the central meridian (and area of least distortion) can be
moved around the earth
• for North American data, the projection uses a
spheroid of approximate dimensions:
– 6378 km in the equatorial plane
– 6356 km in the polar plane
Zone System
• In order to reduce distortion the globe is divided into
60 zones, 6 degrees of longitude wide
– zones are numbered eastward, 1 to 60, beginning at 180
degrees (W long)
• The system is only used from 84 degrees N to 80
degrees south as distortion at the poles is too great
with this projection
– at the poles, a Universal Polar Stereographic projection
(UPS) is used
• Each zone is divided further into strips of 8 degrees
latitude
– beginning at 80 degrees S, are assigned letters C through X,
O and I are omitted
UTM Zones
Distortion
• to reduce the distortion
across the area covered by
each zone, scale along the
central meridian is reduced
to 0.9996
– this produces two parallel
lines of zero distortion
approximately 180 km
away from the central
meridian
– scale at the zone
boundary is
approximately 1.0003 at
US latitudes
Parameters of Coordinate System for Nepal
 Projection: Transverse_Mercator
 False_Easting: 500000.00000000  Eastings are measured from
 False_Northing: 0.00000000 the central meridian (with a
500km false easting to
 Central_Meridian: 84.00000000 insure positive coordinates).
 Scale_Factor: 0.99990000
 Linear Unit: Meter

 Geographic Coordinate System: GCS_Everest_1830


 Datum: D_Everest_1830
 Prime Meridian: Greenwich
 Angular Unit: Degree
Thank You

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