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Memory, Language & Creative Thinking: Lecture No. 5

This document summarizes key concepts about memory, including levels of processing theory, types of memory (short-term and long-term), forgetting (through interference and retrieval problems), amnesia, and techniques for improving memory like mnemonics. It discusses how deeply processed information is better remembered according to levels of processing theory and describes short-term memory lasting 20-30 seconds and long-term memory which can last lifetimes.

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Raja Awais Liaqaut
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24 views16 pages

Memory, Language & Creative Thinking: Lecture No. 5

This document summarizes key concepts about memory, including levels of processing theory, types of memory (short-term and long-term), forgetting (through interference and retrieval problems), amnesia, and techniques for improving memory like mnemonics. It discusses how deeply processed information is better remembered according to levels of processing theory and describes short-term memory lasting 20-30 seconds and long-term memory which can last lifetimes.

Uploaded by

Raja Awais Liaqaut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory, Language &

Creative Thinking
Lecture No. 5
Content:
Memory,
Levels of Processing Theory,
Types of Memory,
Forgetting,
Amnesia.
Memory:
Memory is the encoding, storage and retrieval of what
is learnt earlier.

The ideas and theories of memory look at human


memory in terms of associations or connections
between stimuli and responses.

Current Trend
Levels of Processing Theory:
Level of Processing Theory states that

“Information which is more thoroughly connected to


meaningful items in Long-term Memory, is deeply
processed and remembered better”.
Levels of Processing Theory
(contd.):
Information is transferred from stage to stage until
some of it is finally lodged in long-term memory.

Levels of processing involves:


Perception,
Structural features of the input are analyzed,
Meaning of the input is analyzed.
Short term Memory:
Information that is attended to and recognized in the
sensory register may be passed on to short-term
memory (STM), where it is held for perhaps 20 or 30
seconds.

Free Call Technique.

Rehearsals.
Long-term Memory:
The time span over which information can be stored
in long-term memory cannot be stated very precisely.

Long-term memories may last for days, months, years


or even a lifetime.

Two related long-term memory stores are:


semantic memory & episodic memory.
Organization of Long-term
Memory:
Human long-term memory is not an untidy jumble of
unrelated information, we keep our memory store in
order.

Organization of information in long-term memory


can be studied with the help of:
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon,
Forgetting:
Forgetting refers to the apparent loss of information
already encoded and stored in long-term memory.

We often forget when memory does not match events as


they actually occur.

Constructed processes during the process of encoding


distort what is stored in memory and only distortions are
remembered.
Interference:
 Interference occurs in learning when there is an
interaction between the new material and transfer
effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts
that have a negative influence in comprehending the
new material.
Types of Interference:
Two main types of Interference are as follow:

Retroactive interference,
Proactive Interference.
Retrieval Problems:
Retrieval is facilitated by organization of stored
material and the presence of retrieval cues.

Without appropriate retrieval cues, items cannot be


recalled and one forgets.
Motivated Forgetting:
Motivated Forgetting is the phenomenon related to
the difficulties with the retrieval of unpleasant,
anxiety-provoking information stored in long-term
memory.
Amnesia:
Amnesia refers to “loss of memory”.

Amnesia is a term used when encoding and storage


are impaired so that new memories cannot be formed.

Amnesia is a profound memory deficit due to the loss


of what has been stored or to the inability to form new
memories.
Techniques of Improving Memory:
The memory principles discussed so far suggest ways
in which memory can be improved.

Use of Mnemonics to improve memory:


Method of Loci,
Number & Letter Peg System,
Developing stories,
Chunking.
Reference:
Morgan, King, Weisz and Schopler (2009)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall.

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