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Lecture 4

This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 4 including definitions of learning as a permanent change in behavior from experience or practice. It discusses instrumental conditioning, specifically how reinforcement and punishment impact future behaviors. Positive and negative reinforcement as well as types of punishment are defined. Examples of cognitive learning processes like latent learning and insight learning are also presented.

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25 views

Lecture 4

This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 4 including definitions of learning as a permanent change in behavior from experience or practice. It discusses instrumental conditioning, specifically how reinforcement and punishment impact future behaviors. Positive and negative reinforcement as well as types of punishment are defined. Examples of cognitive learning processes like latent learning and insight learning are also presented.

Uploaded by

Raja Awais Liaqaut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture No.

4
CONTENT:
Learning,
Instrumental Conditioning,
Punishment,
Cognitive Learning.
LEARNING:
Learning is defined as permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of practice or experience.

Important elements of definition,

Past Learning.
Instrumental Conditioning:
“Actions of the learner is instrumental in bringing
about a change in the environment that makes the
action more or less likely to occur again in the
future”.

Types of Instrumental Conditioning


Reinforcers or Reinforcement,
Punisher or Punishment.
1. Reinforcers:
An environmental event that is the consequence of an
instrumental response and that makes that response
more likely to occur again, known as Reinforcers or
Reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcers,
Negative Reinforcers.
Positive Reinforcers:
Stimulus or event which, when follows a response,
increases the likelihood that the response will be made
again.

Examples includes praise from parents, a prize etc.


where stimulus or events serve as positive reinforcers,
contingent on some behavior.
Negative Reinforcers:
Stimulus or event which, when its termination is
contingent on a response, increases the likelihood that
the response will occur again.

Painful or noxious events.


Omission Of Reinforcement:
When a positive reinforcement is withdrawn
following a response, known as Omission of
Reinforcement.

The effect of the omission of the reinforcement is to


decrease the likelihood of the response that led to the
removal of positive reinforcement.
2. Punisher:
A punisher is a stimulus or event which, when its
onset is contingent on a response, decreases the
likelihood that the response will occur again.

Events which causes contingent responses and


decrease the likelihood that response will occur in
future.

Examples include traffic fines etc.


Thorndike’s Experiment:
If the cat clawed at the loop, the door would open and
the cat could escape from the box.

After 24 trials, it was observed that the cat took less


and less time to pull the ring each time, it was put
back in the box.

Eventually, it escaped almost as soon as it was put


into the box.
Conditioned Positive Reinforcers:
Primary Reinforcers,

Secondary Reinforcers,

Chamber Experiment.
Escape Learning:
Escape learning is an example of instrumental
conditioning based on negative reinforcement.

Escape learning occurs when the animal/human


learns to respond in a certain way to terminate an
ongoing, aversive stimulus.
Avoidance Learning:
A noxious stimulus is avoided by the response.

Escape learning is converted into avoidance learning


by giving a signal before the aversive stimulus starts.

Chamber experiment to show acquisition of


Avoidance Learning.
Punishment:
Punishment refers to the use of punishers to suppress
or stop a response from occurring in the future.

When does Punishment works?

Use of Punishment.
Significance of Instrumental
Conditioning:
Significance of instrumental conditioning can be
analysed by evaluating educational applications, i.e.

Programmed Learning,
Personalized system of instruction (PSI),
Behavior therapy.
Cognitive Learning:
Cognition means processing of information about
environment that is received through senses.

Cognitive Learning is the change in the way


information is processed as a result of experience.

Six steps are involved in the Cognitive Learning.


Cognitive Learning Situation:
Following are some of the situations in Cognitive
Learning:

Latent Learning,
Insight Learning,
Imitation.
Latent Learning:
Learning that occur but is not evident in behavior
until later, when the conditions for its appearance are
favourable.
Insight Learning:
When a problem is presented for analysis and
solution, a time follows during which no apparent
progress is made and then the solution comes
suddenly.

There is a great deal of generalization of insight


solutions to similar problems.
Imitation:
Imitation is a response that is like the stimulus
triggering the response, i.e. a person or animal
watches or hears another do or say something, then
responds in the same way.
Learner & Learning:
Application of the law of learning must take into
account the characteristics of both the learner and the
response being learned.

Some things are easier to learn than others and certain


species are ready and predisposed to learn than others.
Classes of Behavior:
The three main classes of behavior associated with
principles of Learning are:

Prepared Behavior,
Contraprepared Behavior,
Unprepared Behavior.
Reference:
Morgan, King, Weisz and Schopler (2009)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall.

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