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    History of The Atoms and Atomic Structure

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    Andy Rodriguez
    This document summarizes the history of atomic structure and models of the atom. It discusses early philosophers like Democritus who proposed the idea of atoms. It then covers the major scientists who contributed to modern atomic theory, including Dalton who established the first scientific atomic theory, Thomson who discovered the electron and proposed the plum pudding model, Rutherford who discovered the nucleus in the gold foil experiment, and Bohr who incorporated quantum theory into his atomic model. The document also defines key atomic concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and explains how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

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    History of The Atoms and Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    Andy Rodriguez
    106 views38 pages
    This document summarizes the history of atomic structure and models of the atom. It discusses early philosophers like Democritus who proposed the idea of atoms. It then covers the major scientists who contributed to modern atomic theory, including Dalton who established the first scientific atomic theory, Thomson who discovered the electron and proposed the plum pudding model, Rutherford who discovered the nucleus in the gold foil experiment, and Bohr who incorporated quantum theory into his atomic model. The document also defines key atomic concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and explains how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

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    This document summarizes the history of atomic structure and models of the atom. It discusses early philosophers like Democritus who proposed the idea of atoms. It then covers the major scientists who contributed to modern atomic theory, including Dalton who established the first scientific atomic theory, Thomson who discovered the electron and proposed the plum pudding model, Rutherford who discovered the nucleus in the gold foil experiment, and Bohr who incorporated quantum theory into his atomic model. The document also defines key atomic concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and explains how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    106 views38 pages

    History of The Atoms and Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    Andy Rodriguez
    This document summarizes the history of atomic structure and models of the atom. It discusses early philosophers like Democritus who proposed the idea of atoms. It then covers the major scientists who contributed to modern atomic theory, including Dalton who established the first scientific atomic theory, Thomson who discovered the electron and proposed the plum pudding model, Rutherford who discovered the nucleus in the gold foil experiment, and Bohr who incorporated quantum theory into his atomic model. The document also defines key atomic concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and explains how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 38

    Chapter 4 – Atomic Structure

    4.1 and 4.2


    I can explain how the model of an
    atom has changed over time. PS 4.A.2
    Write words typed in BLUE today.
    You need your periodic table.
    4.1 Defining the Atom
    Atom – smallest part of an element
    Where did the idea of
    the atom come from?
    electron

    neutron

    proton
    Democritus 460-370BC
    Suggested atoms were
    indivisible (not invisible).
    First to use the word atom
    (atomos – Greek for
    indivisible).
    No scientific methods – did
    not do experiments.
    John Dalton 1766-1844

    Used experiments to transform


    Democritus’ ideas into a
    scientific theory.
    Created a 5 part Atomic Theory.
    Atomic Theory - 1803
    1. All elements are made of atoms.
    2. Atoms of the same elet are the same.
    3. Atoms of different elets are different.
    4. Atoms combine in whole-number
    ratios. Ex. H2O
    5. Atoms can combine, but cannot be
    subdivided.
    Dalton’s Model
    of the Atom
    Tiny and indestructible with no
    internal structure. Draw model.
    He did not know
    about the other
    particles (p,n,e-) in the
    atom.
    4.2 Structure of the Atom
    Three sub-atomic particles :
    protons (p), neutrons (n), and
    electrons (e-).
    How were the other parts
    discovered?
    JJ Thomson 1856-1940
    English physicist
    Worked with cathode-ray tubes.

    How it works –
    A gas is in the tube and an electric
    current is passed through the tube.
    The gas glows from the cathode (neg
    electrode) to anode (pos electrode).
    Video on next slide
    JJ Thomson con’t
    Discovered the electron (e-).
    Thanks to George Johnstone Stoney
    we now know them as electrons.
    e- have a negative charge and are
    found outside the nucleus.
    Thomson’s Model
    of the atom.
    Plum Pudding Model (or chocolate
    chip cookie model). Draw the model.
    1. Ball of positive charge (dough)
    2. e- are scattered around
    (chocolate chips)
    Robert Milikan (1868-1953)
    American Physicist
    Performed the oil drop
    experiment.
    Determined the charge
    and mass of the
    electron.
    Video on next slide
    Eugene Goldstein (1850-1930)
    German Physicist
    Found a positive charge in
    the cathode (negative) ray.
    Sometimes credited with
    the discovery of the proton.
    Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
    English Physicist

    Student of Thomson
    Performed the Gold
    Foil Experiment (1911)
    Gold Foil Experiment

    1. A beam of alpha
    (radiation) particles was
    shot at a piece of gold foil.
    2. Some passed thru, some
    deflected, some shot back.
    3. He suspected the particles
    hit a positive particle.
    Discovered that atoms have a
    nucleus.
    Nucleus means little
    nut in Latin.
    Discovered the proton.
    Protons have positive charge
    and are found in the nucleus.
    Rutherfords Model
    of the Atom
    e- are in motion
    around the pos
    nucleus.
    Draw model.
    This was also called the Planetary
    Atomic Theory – e- traveled around
    the nucleus like planets around the
    sun.
    James Chadwick – (1891-1974)
    AKA – “Jimmy Neutron”
    Danish Physicist
    Coworker of Rutherford.
    Discovered the neutron.
    Neutron has no charge (neutral) and
    is found in the nucleus.
    Neils Bohr (1885-1962)
    Danish Physicist
    Rutherford’s model did not
    explain chemical properties.
    Created the Quantum Model
    (1913)
    e- do not travel like planets
    around the sun.
    Energy level – the fixed
    distance from nucleus
    that e- travel in.
    Electrons travel up and
    down between energy
    levels by gaining and
    losing energy. (ladder)
    Quantum – energy
    needed to move from
    energy level to energy
    level.
    Bohr Model
    of the Atom
    e- moving in energy levels
    around positive nucleus.
    He had p, n, and e- in his
    atom.
    Draw model.
    Summary of Particles
    Particle Relative Relative Where found Discovered
    Charge Mass by

    Proton

    Electron

    Neutron
    Summary of Particles
    Particle Relative Relative Where found Discovered
    Charge Mass by

    Proton + 1 Nucleus Rutherford

    Electron -- 0.0005 e- cloud Thomson

    Neutron 0 1 Nucleus Chadwick


    Chapter 4.3

    Parts of an Atom & Atomic mass


    ***Need Periodic Table

    I can calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons


    of an element (or isotopes) given its atomic mass (or mass
    number) and atomic number. 1.1.E.b
    Periodic Table Intro

    Periodic Table - Arrangement of elets


    in which the elets are separated by
    groups based on repeating properties.
    Elets are listed in order of increasing
    atomic number on the periodic table.
    Period – horizontal rows (1-7)
    Group – vertical columns (1-18)
    Elets in the same group have similar
    properties. Ex. F, Cl, Br, I
    The Atom
    Consists of a
    nucleus
    (of protons (p) and neutrons (n))
    electrons (e-) in space around the
    nucleus.
    Electron cloud

    Nucleus
    Atomic Number - Z

    Number of protons in the nucleus of an


    atom
    Elements are different because they
    contain different numbers of protons.
    In neutral atoms: #protons = #electrons

    PEAN – protons, electrons, atomic number


    Mass Number - A
    Number of protons plus number of
    neutrons in an atom.
    Mg = 24.31 mass number = 24
    Cl = 35.45 mass number = 35

    Most of the mass is in the nucleus


    # neutrons = A – Z (mass # -
    atomic #)
    Isotopes
    Atoms of the same element that have
    different mass numbers.
    Same number of p, different number of
    n.
    Similar Chemical Properties because
    protons and electrons are the same for
    all isotopes.
    Ways to show Isotopes
    1. Element name-mass number
    Ex. Gold-197
    2. Complete symbol representation
    IB uses the complete
    symbol formula.

    5
    Which of the following represent isotopes
    of the same element? Which element?

    234 234 235 238


    X X X X

    92 93 92 92

    Answer: 1,3,4 represent the same element


    because they have the same atomic number:
    Uranium
    Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Oh My!
    Atom A Z protons neutrons electrons

    39
    K 39 19
    19
    64
    Cu 29 29 35
    29
    137 81

    16 16 16
    12
    C * 6 6 * 6
    6
    14
    C * 6 6 * 6
    6
    Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Oh My!
    Atom A Z protons neutrons electrons

    39
    K 39 19 19 20 19
    19
    64
    Cu 64 29 29 35 29
    29
    137
    Ba 137 56 56 81 56
    56
    32
    S 32 16 16 16 16
    16
    12
    C *12 6 6 *6 6
    6
    14
    C *14 6 6 *8 6
    6
    http://www.youtube.com/w
    atch?v=WK7wuTwAiBU
    Homework
    4.1 HW
    Element Quiz All 64
    Wednesday/Thursday

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