Information and communication

technology
Mr Jayesh Gangadhar Shinde
Assistant Professor,
Department of information Technology ,University of
Mumbai
What is an ICT
 Information and communications technology (ICT) is an
extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the
role of unified communications and the integration of
telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and
computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware,
storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access,
store, transmit, and manipulate information.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communicatio
ns_technology
Etymology
 The phrase "information and communication technologies" has
been used by academic researchers since the 1980s.
 The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a
report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997, and
then in the revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and
Northern Ireland in 2000.
 In 2012, the Royal Society recommended that the use of the term
"ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted
too many negative connotations".
 From 2014 the National Curriculum has used the word
computing, which reflects the addition of computer programming
into the curriculum
 Monetization
 The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$3.8
trillion in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year
since 2009.
 The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT in is 5%.
 The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new
technologies (IoT, Robotics, AR/VR, and AI).
 The average IT budget has the following breakdown:
 31% personnel costs (internal)
 29% software costs (external/purchasing category)
 26% hardware costs (external/purchasing category)
 14% costs of external service providers (external/services).
 The estimate of money to be spent in 2022 is just over US$6 trillion
ICT sector in the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD)
ICT Development Index
 The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of
ICT use and access across the various countries around the
world.
 In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunications Union) released
the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top
spot, followed by South Korea.
 The top 30 countries in the rankings include most high-income
countries where quality of life is higher than average, which
includes countries from Europe and other regions such as
"Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New
Zealand, Singapore and the United States; almost all countries
surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year.
The WSIS process and ICT development
goals
 On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly
approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss the
opportunities and challenges facing today's information society.
 According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the
Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration's goal of
implementing ICT to achieve Millennium Development Goals. It
also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these
goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the
private sector, in addition to governments.
In education
 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into
education part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education.
 The following, taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational
ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.
 “Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal
access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and
teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education
management, governance and administration. UNESCO takes a holistic
and comprehensive approach to promoting ICT in education. Access,
inclusion and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The
Organization's Intersectral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these
issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication &
Information, Education and Science”
ADVANTAGES
1. Communication - Speed / time – money can be saved because it’s much
quicker to move information around. With the help of ICT it has become
quicker and more efficient.
2. Globalization - Video conferencing saves money on flights and
accommodation. ICT has not only brought the countries and people closer
together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a single
interdependent system to contact either a business or family member.

3.  Cost effectiveness - It feels free to send an email (although it isn’t); it’s

without doubt cheaper than phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate
business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make them
exceptionally cost effective.
4. Greater Availability - ICT has made it possible for businesses to be
automated giving clients access to a website or voicemail 24 hours a day,
7 days a week
 ADVANTAGES
5. Bridging the cultural gap – Greater access to technology has helped to bridge
the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with
one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing
awareness and reducing prejudice.
6. Creation of new jobs - Probably, the best advantage of ICT has been the
creation of new and interesting jobs.
7. Education – Computer’s along with their programs and the Internet have
created educational opportunities not available to previous generations.
8. Through ICT , images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive
memory of student.
9. Complex structure - through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex structure
,instruction and ensure students comprehension.
10. Through ICT , teachers are able to create  interactive classrooms and make the
lesson more enjoyable..
Disadvantages.
 The presence of technology can be distracting to students.
 Technology can make it easier to cheat.
 Using tech can cause some students to disconnect from the classroom.
 Some students may not know the difference between reliable and
unreliable resources.
 Technology is a resource that not all families can afford.
 Some technologies could replace the teacher in some classrooms
 There are privacy concerns to consider with technology in the
classroom.
 Technology in the classroom could create medical problems for some
kids.
  Kids often lose track of time when using technology in the classroom.
Many classrooms place limits on technology access.
 Technology can create dependencies for information recall.
The Five Generations of
Computers

12
Generations of Computer
 The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple
calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful
machine.
 The evolution of computer to the current state is defined
in terms of the generations of computer.
 Each generation of computer is designed based on a
new technological development, resulting in better,
cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful,
faster and efficient than their predecessors.

13
Generations of Computer
 Currently, there are five generations of computer. In the
following subsections, we will discuss the generations of
computer in terms of the technology used by them
(hardware and software), computing characteristics
(speed, i.e., number of instructions executed per second),
physical appearance, and their applications.

14
First Generation Computers
(1940-1956)
 The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube
containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of
electric current.) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
 They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
 First generation computers relied on machine language.
 They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions(defect or breakdown).
 The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)and ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) computers
are examples of first-generation computing devices.
 First
Advantages :
Generation Computers
 It was only electronic device
 First device to hold memory

Disadvantages :
 Too bulky i.e large in size
 Vacuum tubes burn frequently
 They were producing heat
 Maintenance problems

16
Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
• Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.
•  High-level programming languages were also being developed
at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
• These were also the first computers that stored their instructions
in their memory.

17
 Second Generation Computers
Advantages :
 Size reduced considerably
 The very fast
 Very much reliable

Disadvantages :
 They over heated quickly
 Maintenance problems

18
Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971)
 The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the
third generation of computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called
semiconductors.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third
generation computers through keyboards and 
monitors and interfaced with an operating system.
 Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

19
 Third generation computers
Advantages :
 ICs are very small in size
 Improved performance
 Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :
 ICs are sophisticated

20
Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-present)
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon
chip.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components
of the computer.
 From the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls—on a single chip.
 . Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and handheld devices.
21
Fourth Generation Computers

22
Fifth Generation Computers
(present and beyond)
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence.
 Are still in development, though there are some applications, such
as voice recognition.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and
self-organization.
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Fifth Generation Computers

24
 MCQ on Generation of Computer
 1. A term in computer terminology is a change in technology
a computer is/was being used.
a) development
b) generation
c) advancement
d) growth
 Answer: b
Explanation: Generation in computer terminology is a change
in technology a computer is/was being used. The term is
used to distinguish between various hardware technologies.
MCQ on Generation of Computer
 2.The fourth generation was based on integrated circuits.
a) True
b) False

 Answer: b
Explanation: The statement is false. The third generation
was based on integrated circuits.
MCQ on Generation of Computer
 3.The generation based on VLSI microprocessor.
a) 1st
b) 2nd
c) 3rd
d) 4th
 Answer: d
Explanation: The 4th gen was VLSI microprocessor based.
The period of fourth generation: 1972-1990.
 MCQ on Generation of Computer
 4. ______ generation of computer started with using vacuum
tubes as the basic components.
 a) 1st
 b) 2nd
 c) 3rd
 d) 4th
 Answer: a
 Explanation: First generation of computer started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and
circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit).
MCQ on Generation of Computer
 5 .Batch processing was mainly used in this generation.
 a) 1st
 b) 2nd
 c) 3rd
 d) 4th
 Answer: a
Explanation: Batch processing was mainly used in the 1st
generation. In this generation Punched cards, Paper tape,
Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.
MCQ on Generation of Computer
 6.In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating
System was used.
a) 1st
b) 2nd
c) 5th
d) 4th

 Answer: d
Explanation: The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. In this generation Time sharing, Real
time, Networks, Distributed Operating System was used.
MCQ on Generation of Computer

 7. ___________ is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets

means and method of making computers think like human beings.
 a) Block chain
 b) VR
 c) AI
 d) Cloud computing
 Answer: c
Explanation: AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets
means and method of making computers think like human beings.
MCQ on Generation of Computer
 8. HLL stands for?
a) High Level Language
b) High Layman’s Language
c) High Level Lesson
d) High Layman’s Lesson
Answer: a
Explanation: High Level Language(HLL) has languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL. HLL isn’t in machine language. It is
converted to machine language for further processing.
Information Processing System
 DATA is a collection of independent and
unorganized facts.
 INFORMATION is the processed and organized
data presented in a meaningful form.
 DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things
in a sequence of steps.
Information Processing System
 COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a set
of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and
gather data and transform these into information.
 The word COMPUTER is an abbreviation for the terms
“Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and
Educational Research”.
 PROCESSING
SYSTEM

DATA INFORMATION
Functions of an Information Processing System

1. It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)

2. It processes data to become information.
(PROCESSING)
3. It stores data and information. (STORE)
4. It presents information. (OUTPUT)
Three Major Components of an Information
Processing System
 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.
 SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells the
computer how to do its job.
 PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and operate
the computer system, write computer programs, and
analyze and design the information system.
Basic Units of Measurement
 BIT is a unit of information equivalent to the result of a
choice between only 2 possible alternatives in the
binary number system.
 BYTE is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one
character of alphanumeric data) processed as a single
unit for information.
 NIBBLE is defined as a unit of data which comprises of 4
binary digits or half of 8-bit byte. 
Basic Units of Measurement
 A byte can be used to represent a single character,
which can be:
A letter
 A number
 A special character or symbol, or
 A space
 Basic Units of Measurement
Unit Value Size
bit (b) 0 or 1 1/8 of a byte
byte (B) 8 bits 1 byte
kilobyte (KB) 10001 bytes 1,000 bytes
megabyte (MB) 10002 bytes 1,000,000 bytes
gigabyte (GB) 10003 bytes 1,000,000,000 bytes
terabyte (TB) 10004 bytes 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

petabyte (PB) 10005 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

exabyte (EB) 10006 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

zettabyte (ZB) 10007 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
yottabyte (YB) 10008 bytes
bytes
 MCQ
1. The only language which the computer understands is ______________
a) Assembly Language
b) Binary Language
c) BASIC
d) C Language

 Answer: b
 Explanation: The Computer understands only binary language which is written in
the form of 0s & 1s. A computer can understand assembly language but an
assembler is required which converts the assembly language to binary language.
Similarly, for understanding high level languages, compilers/interpreters are
required.
 MCQ
 2. Which unit is responsible for converting the data received from the user into a
computer understandable format?
a) Memory Unit
b) Arithmetic & Logic Unit
c) Input Unit
d) Output Unit

 Answer: c
Explanation: The Input Unit converts the data, which the user enters into a
language which the computer understands, i.e. it converts the data into binary
format. The Output Unit is responsible for giving the results in user-understandable
format. The Storage Unit is responsible for storing the data after immediate results
of processing whereas; the ALU is responsible for various arithmetic and bitwise
operations.
MCQ
 3. The smallest unit of data in computer is ________________
a) Byte
b) Nibble
c) Bit
d) KB

 Answer: c
 Explanation: A bit is defined as the smallest unit of data in a computer system. It
is used as a short form of Binary Digit. A bit can have only two values 0 or 1. A
nibble comprises of 4 bits, a byte is a collection of 8 bits whereas KB (Kilobyte) is
equal to 1024 bytes.
MCQ
 4. One nibble is equivalent to how many bits?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 1

 Answer: b
Explanation: A nibble is defined as a unit of data which comprises
of 4 binary digits or half of 8-bit byte. Therefore, 1 nibble = 4 bits.
A bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer system. A byte = 8
bits, therefore, half of a byte=4 bits=a nibble.
 MCQ
 5. What does the COMPUTER stand for?
a) Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research
b) Commonly Occupied Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research
c) Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Environmental Research
d) Commonly Oriented Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research

 Answer: a
 Explanation: The word COMPUTER is an abbreviation for the terms “Commonly
Operated Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research”. The word
COMPUTER also relates to the word COMPUTE which means to calculate. So,
initially it was thought that a computer is a device which is used to perform
calculations.
MCQ
 6. 1 yottabyte = ______________
a) 1024 TB
b) 1024 EB
c) 1024 ZB
d) 1024 PB

 Answer: c
Explanation: 1 yottabyte is equal to 1024 ZB, which stands for zettabyte. Further,
1 ZB=1024 EB (exabyte) and and 1 EB=1024PB (petabyte).
BASIC PC HARDWARE
 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.
Basic hardware of a PC system
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory Unit
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Secondary Storage Devices
1. Central Processing Unit
 Brain of the computer.
 It directs and controls the entire computer system and
performs all arithmetic and logical operations.
 2. Memory Unit
 Where the programs and data are stored .
 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains the pre-
programmed computer instructions such as the
Basic Input Output System (BIOS).
 Non-Volatile memory : all the data in it doesn't
get erased after shutting down the computer and
restarting it
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to
store the programs and data that you will run.
Exists only when there is power.
 Volatile memory : all the data in it gets erased
after shutting down the computer and restarting it
 Cache Memory
 The data or contents of the main memory that are used frequently by CPU are
stored in the cache memory so that the processor can easily access that data in
a shorter time. Whenever the CPU needs to access memory, it first checks the
cache memory. If the data is not found in cache memory, then the CPU moves
into the main memory.
 Cache memory is placed between the CPU and the main memory. The block
diagram for a cache memory can be represented as:
MCQ
  ’RAM’ stands for
A. Random Access Memory
B. Read Access Memory
C. Read Arithmetic Memory
D. Random Arithmetic Memory
 Answer A
MCQ
 Devices that accepts data from outside computer and
transfer into CPU are called
A. input devices
B. digital devices
C. analogue devices
D. truth table peripherals
 Answer A
MCQ
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of
A. control unit
B. arithmetic and logic unit
C. main store
D. all of above
 Answer D.
MCQ
 Devices which are used to receive data from central
processing unit are classified as
A. output/input devices
B. digital devices
C. signaled devices
D. output devices
 Answer D.
MCQ
 Type of integrated circuit which consists of arithmetic unit,
control unit and some main store is called a
A. mega processor
B. micro processor
C. micro computers
D. mega computers
 Answer B
MCQ
 Silicon piece with a system circuit on it is termed as
A. chip
B. circuit
C. logical gate
D. circuit network
Answer A.
MCQ
 ROM' stands for
A. read only memory
B. random only memory
C. readily object memory
D. random available memory
 Answer A.
 What is the high speed memory between the main memory and the
CPU called?
 a) Register Memory
 b) Cache Memory
 c) Storage Memory
 d) Virtual Memory
 Answer: b
 Explanation: It is called the Cache Memory. The cache memory is the
high speed memory between the main memory and the CPU.
INPUT and OUTPUT Devices

The I/O i.e. the input/output devices provide a means of communication

between the computer and the outer world. They are often referred to as the
peripheral devices sometimes.
 MCQ
 These devices provide a means of communication between a computer and
outer world.
a) I/O
b) Storage
c) Compact
d) Drivers

 Answer: a
Explanation: The I/O i.e. the input/output devices provide a means of
communication between the computer and the outer world. They are often
referred to as the peripheral devices sometimes.
 Identify the blank space in the diagram.

a) Processor
b) Memory
c) CPU
d) Storage

Answer: c
Explanation: Firstly, the input is given to the input device, then the data in coded in internal
form and is sent to the CPU. Further, the processed data is sent to the output device and the
result is obtained.
3. Input Devices
 Allows data and programs to be sent to
the CPU.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Microphone
 Webcam
 Scanner
 Monitor
Keyboard
 Alphanumeric Keyboard
 Numeric Keypad
 PIN Pad
 Wireless keyboards
 PDA keyboards
Alphanumeric Keyboard
 A very common, general
purpose, input device that
allows text (abc…), numbers (
123…) and symbols (%$@...)
to be entered into a computer.

A keyboard is simply a set of

buttons. Each button has a
symbol assigned.
Numeric Keypad
 A small keyboard that only
has numbers.

Used to enter numeric
data into computers such as
those in ATMs.

Most computer keyboards have

a numeric keypad on the right
side, and most mobile phones
(there are also computers) have
a one for entering phone
numbers, etc.
PIN Pad

 This is a device with

a numeric keypad used to
enter a person’s Personal
Identity Number (PIN) e.g.
when paying with a credit card.

PIN pads are also found on

electronic door locks – you
enter a PIN to unlock the door.
Two Types of Mouse
 Mechanical - a type of
computer mouse that has a
rubber or metal ball on its
underside and it can roll in
every direction. 
 Optical:  This type uses a
laser for detecting the
mouse's movement. 
How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC
 PS/2 Mouse

 Serial Mouse

 USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing Devices
 Trackball

 Track point

 Touch pad

 Touch Screen
Touchpad / Trackpad
 A pointing device found on
most laptops. Used instead of
a mouse since it takes up
less space. The user moves a
finger across the touch pad
and this movement data is
sent to the computer.

 Usually used to control the

pointer in a GUI
 Trackball / Tracker Ball
 This pointing device is not moved
about like a mouse, instead it has
a large ball that the user spins. Data
about which direction the ball is spun
is passed to the computer.

It can be used to control

a GUI pointer.

Tracker balls are often used by

people with limited
movement (disabled) or by the very
young since they are easier to
use than a mouse.
Touch Screen
 A touch screen is an alternative to a
separate pointing device. With a
touch screen the user selects items
on the screen by touching the
surface. This makes touch screen
systems very intuitive and simple to
use.

 Often used for information terminals

in public places e.g. libraries or
museums where mice or keyboards
may be stolen or damaged.
Graphics Tablet
 A pointing device often used by
designers and artists to allow
natural hand movements to be
input to graphics applications.
 A stylus is held like a pen and
moved over the surface of the
tablet. Data about the stylus
movements are sent to the
computer.
 Since it is so like using a pen, it
is very easy to create ‘hand-
drawn’ sketches.
 Joystick – input device for
computer games

 Light Pens – light-

sensitive penlike device

 Stylus – penlike device

commonly used with
tablet PCs and PDAs.
Joystick / Joypad
 Used mainly for playing
games. The user moves the
joystick left/right, forward/back
and data about these
movements are sent to the
computer.
 Small joysticks can also be
found on some mobile
phones.
Light Pen
 A light pen is a device used as
a pointing device or to ‘write’
on the screen of a computer.

 Light pens are rarely used

today since graphics tablets
and high-quality touch screens
provide similar functionality.
MCQ
 Which of the following is not a point-and-draw device?
a) Keypad
b) Trackball
c) Touch screen
d) Mouse

 Answer: a
Explanation: All except the keypad are point-and-draw devices.
They are used to rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or menu
item from multiple options displayed on the GUI of a screen.
MCQ
  A device used for video games, flight simulators, training simulators
and for controlling industrial robots.
a) Mouse
b) Light pen
c) Joystick
d) Keyboard

 Answer: c
Explanation: Joystick is the device used for the same. It is a point-
and-draw device. It has a click button, a stick, a ball, a socket as well
as a light indicator.
 First computer mouse was built by
    A.) Douglas Engelbart
    B.) Robert Zewacki
    C.) William English
    D.) Oaniel Coogher

Answer C.) William English

MCQ
 Which of the following is not a hardware?
 A.) Processor chip
 B.) Printer
 C.) Mouse
 D.) Java
 Answer D.) Java
MCQ
 The transfer of data from a CPU to peripheral devices of
computer is achieved through
A.) interfaces
B.) buffer memory
C.) modems
D.) I/O ports

 Answer D.) I/O ports

Scanning Devices
 Optical scanners
 Card readers
 Bar code readers
 Character and mark recognition devices
Input - Reading Text / Codes
 All data could be input to a computer using a keyboard,
but this would often be a slow process,
and mistakes would be made.

Sometimes speed and accuracy is required...
 MICR Reader
 Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition (MICR) is a
technology that allows details
from bank cheques to be read
into a computer quickly and
accurately.
 The cheque number and bank
account number are printed at
the bottom of each bank cheque
in special magnetic ink using a
special font. These numbers can
be detected by an MICR reader.
 OMR Scanner
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is a
technology that allows the data from
a multiple-choice type form to be
read quickly and accurately into a
computer.

Special OMR forms are used which

have spaces that can be coloured
in (usually using a pencil).
These marks can then be detected by
an OMR scanner.

Common uses of OMR are multiple-

choice exam answer sheets and lottery
number forms
 OCR Scanner
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a
software technology that can convert
images of text into an actual text file that
can then be edited (e.g. using word-
processing software). The result is just as if
the text had been typed in by hand.
 OCR is typically used after a page of a book
has been scanned. The scanned image of
the page is then analysed by the OCR
software which looks for recognisable letter
shapes and generates a matching text file.
 Advanced OCR software can recognise
normal handwriting as well as printed text -
this is usually called handwriting
recognition.
 Barcode Reader / Scanner
 A barcode is simply a numeric
code represented as a series of lines.
 These lines can be read by a barcode
reader/scanner.
 The most common use of barcode readers is
at Point-of-Sale (POS) in a shop.
The code for each item to be purchased
needs to be entered into the computer.
Reading the barcode is far quicker and
more accurate than typing in each code
using a keypad.
 Barcode can be found on many other items
that have numeric codes which have to be
read quickly and accurately - for example ID
cards.
MCQ
 In MICR, C stands for
 A.) code
 B.) colour
 C.) computer
 D.) character
 Answer: Option 'D'
 character
MCQ
 The pattern of printed lines on most products are called
 A.) prices
 B.) OCR
 C.) scanners
 D.) bar code
 Answer: Option 'D'
 bar code
MCQ
 The OCR recognises the _______ of the characters with
the help of light source.
 A.) size
 B.) shape
 C.) colour
 D.) used ink
 Answer: Option 'B'
 shape
 A bar code reader is an example of
 A.) processing device
 B.) storage device
 C.) input device
 D.) output device
 Answer: Option 'C'
 input device
Image Capturing Devices
 Digital Cameras
 Digital Video Cameras
 Scanner
 Web Cam
 Scanner
 A device that ‘scans’ images, book
pages, etc.
 Scanning is basically taking a close-up
photograph (just very slowly and with
great detail). The scanned image data is
passed to the computer.
 The most common type of scanner is the
flat-bed scanner which has a glass plate
on which the item to be scanned is
placed. The item is illuminated and an
image of it is captured by a moving scan
‘head’.
 Scanned images can be further
processed once inside the computer, e.g.
OCR of printed text.
 Digital Camera
 A device that captures digital
photographs.
 Most digital cameras do not directly
input data into a computer - they store
photographs on memory cards. The
photographs can later be transferred to
a computer.
 A modern digital camera can capture 10
Megapixels or more per photograph -
that’s 10,000,000 coloured dots (pixels)
in every photo!
 Video Camera
 A device that captures moving images,
or video.
 Like a digital camera, most video cameras
do not directly input data into a computer –
the captured movies are stored on video-
tape or memory cards and
later transferred to a computer.
 However, there are some situations where
video cameras do feed video data directly
into a computer: television production and 
video-conferencing. In these situations the
video data is required in real-time.
 Web Cam
 This is a very basic video camera used
to feed live video into a computer.

The video data from a web cam is low

quality compared to a full video camera.
However it is good enough for web
chats (e.g. using a messenger
application such as MSN Messenger or
Skype).

Usually a web cam is clipped to the top

of a monitor, but many laptops now have
web cams built into the edge of the
screen.
4. Output Devices
 Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to
our requests and instructions.
 Monitor
 Audio Speakers
 Printer
Types of Monitor
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Printers
 IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by
physically striking the paper. Ex. Daisy
wheel printers, line printers, dot matrix
printers & band printers.
 NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply
pressure on the paper but instead
produces character by using lasers, ink
spray, photography or heat.
 Dot matrix
printer

Laser Inkjet printer

printer
5. Secondary Storage Devices
 Attached to the computer system to allow you to store
programs and data permanently for the purpose of
retrieving them for future use.
 Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom
Floppy Disk
 The most common secondary storage device
 3.5” disk – 1.44MB
High-Capacity Floppy Disks
 Floppy disk cartridges
 3 ½ inches in diameter
 Stores more information
 Zip disks
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk
 Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
 Holds a greater amount of data
Optical Discs
 A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially
used for multimedia purposes and preferred in loading
applications.
Kinds
 Blue Ray Disk – 40G
 Digital Versatile Disk
 DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
 DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
 Single Layer and Double Layer
 Compact Disk
 CD-R– write once, 650MB
 CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB
Optical Drives
 CD-ROM read CDs
 CD-Writer read/write CDs
 DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
 DVD Writer read/write CDs
read/write DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
 Solid-State Storage
 No moving parts
 Flash memory cards

 USB flash drives

Parts that Build Up A System Unit
 Casing or cover  Sound card
 Power Supply  Floppy disk drive
 Motherboard  Hard disk drive
 Microprocessor  CD-ROM drive
 Memory  MODEM
 Video Card
Casing or cover
 The box or outer shell
that houses most of the
computer, it is usually
one of the most
overlooked parts of the
PC.
 Protects the computer
circuits, cooling and
system organization.
Power Supply
 Responsible for powering every device in your
computer.
 Parts of a Power supply:
 Disk drive connectors
 Motherboard connector
 Power supply fan
 Power switch
 Input voltage selector
 Cover
 Power plugs receptacle
Motherboard
 The physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and
components.
 Components are:
 Microprocessor
 (Optional) Coprocessors
 Memory
 Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
 Expansion Slot
 Interconnecting circuitry
Expansion Slots
 Graphic cards
 Sound cards
 Modem cards
 Network interface cards/network adapter
Software
 Instructions that tell the computer how to process data
into the form you want.
 Software and programs are interchangeable.
 Two major types:
 System and Applications
 2 Kinds of Software
1. System Software enables the application
software to interact with the computer
hardware.
 Operating Systems are programs that coordinate
computer resources, provide an interface between
users and the computer; and run applications.
 Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
 Device drivers are specialized programs designed
to allow particular input or output devices to
communicate with the rest of the computer system.
Functions of a System Software
 Managing resources (memory, processing, storage, and
devices like printer).
 Providing user interface
 Running applications
2 Kinds of Software
2. Applications Software - provides the real
functionality of a computer. It help you
use your computer to do specific types of
work.
 Basic Applications, widely used in all career
areas.
 Specialized Applications, more narrowly
focused on specific disciplines and
occupations.
DOS and GUI Operating System
Disk Operating System
 DOS was the first widely installed operating system for
personal computers.
 Command-driven
MS-DOS Commands
 A COMMAND is the name of a special program that
makes your computer carry out a task.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Thru GUI, users can interact directly with the operating
system.
 Microsoft Windows
 Icons, Menus, Dialog boxes
FILES
 FILE is simply a collection of information that you store on
a disk or diskette.
 Must have a unique name
 Two parts: the filename and extension separated by a
period.
RECIPE.DOC
EXTENSIONS
 Use extension to make your filenames more descriptive.
 .DOC – word documents
 .XLS – excel documents
 .PPT – powerpoint documents
DIRECTORIES
 One way of organizing the files on your computer Hard
Disk
 ROOT – one basic directory
 Subdirectories