WEEK 2

Programming
Concepts and Logic Formulation

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FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the session, the students should be able to:
1. Can identify and explain each step involved in the programming
cycle
2. Can define, explain and determine the used of algorithm
3. Can define, explain, and determine the used of pseudocode
4. Can identify and discuss each flowchart symbol
5. Can illustrate and design flowcharts for the given problems.

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What is a Computer Program?

• A computer program (also
a software program, or
just a program) is a
sequence of instructions
written to perform a
specified task for a
computer.

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Programming Cycle
1. Problem definition – specifies what we want for the
computer to do
2. Problem analysis – looking at the problem itself; point
of view of the computer; start with the input/output
3. Algorithm development – this is an outline that
breaks problem down into segments; strategy on how
to do the task
4. Coding and debugging – this is the process to remove
errors

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ALGORITHM
• a step-by-step problem-solving procedure, especially an
established, recursive computational procedure for solving a
problem in a finite number of steps
• finite sequence of steps for solving a logical or mathematical
problem
• a specific set of well-defined, simple mathematical and
logical procedures that can be followed to solve a problem in
a finite number of steps

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ALGORITHM
• Specify each step or instruction exactly – There must be no
ambiguity or the instructions must be clear.
• There must be a finite number of steps – The algorithm must
terminate and should have a stopping point.
• There must be an output – The algorithm must produce the
correct result.

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Pseudocodes
• generic way of describing an algorithm without use of any specific programming
language syntax
• it cannot be executed on a real computer, but it models and resembles real
programming code, and is written at roughly the same level of detail

while not at end of list

compare adjacent elements
if second is greater than first
switch them
get next two elements
if elements were switched
repeat for entire list

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STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

• First produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudo
code)
• Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step
detailed algorithm that is very close to a computer
language.
• Pseudo code is an artificial and informal language that
helps programmers develop algorithms. Pseudo code is
very similar to everyday English.
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FLOWCHART
• a chart that contains symbols referring to computer
operations, describing how the program performs
• a graphic map of the path of control or data through the
operations in a program or an information-handling system
• symbols such as squares, diamonds, and ovals represent
various operations
• these symbols are connected by lines and arrows to indicate
the flow of data or control from one point to another

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FLOWCHART SYMBOL
• Terminal block • Initialization

• Process • On Page
Connector
• Flow Lines
• Input/Output
• Off Page
Connector
• Decision
• Documents

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Flow Lines
• indicated by straight lines
with arrows to show the
direction of data flow
• the arrowhead is sometimes
not shown when the direction
of flow is clear
• used to connect blocks by
exiting from one and entering
another
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Terminal block
• ovals or rounded rectangles are used to indicate
the start and the end of a module or program
• an oval is labeled with the name of the module
at the start ; the end is indicated by the word
end or stop for the top or Control Module
• a start has no flow lines entering it and only one
exiting it; an end or exit has one flow line
entering it but none exiting it

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Initialization block
• used for declaring / initializing variables needed to solve a
certain process
• Declaration
• binding of an identifier to the information that relates to
it
• stating a variable name to be used
• Initialization
• to set (a starting value of a variable)
• to prepare (a computer or a printer) for use; boot
• to format (a storage medium, such as a disk)

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Process block
• the rectangle indicates a processing
block, for such things as
calculations, opening and closing
files, and so forth
• a processing block has one
entrance and one exit

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Input / Output block

• the parallelogram indicates
input to and output operations
• an I/O block has one entrance
and only one exit

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Decision block
• the diamond indicates a decision
• it has one entrance and exactly two
exits from the block
• one exit is the action when the
resultant is TRUE and the other exit
is the action when resultant is
FALSE

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Connectors
• the circle is used as a connection point
between two sections of a flowchart that
are not adjacent or closely located to each
other .
• Note: These connectors should be used as
little as possible. They should only be used
to enhance readability. Overuse, however,
decreases readability and produces a
cluttered effect.

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Example 1:
• Create a flowchart that
displays your age five years
from now. The algorithm
should have a variable that
is initialized to your current
age.

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Example 2:
• Create a flowchart that displays the
user’s name, birthday, age, sex, and
phone number. Your flowchart
should display the variables with
the following format:
Name:
Age:
BDay:
Sex:
Phone#:
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Example 3:
• Create a flowchart that will compute for the
Average score of a student based on three
quizzes. The quiz scores are entered by the
user. The scores are integers and may range
from 0 to 100, inclusive. However, the
Average may have a value having decimal
places. Example:
Q1: 98
Q2: 79
Q3: 88
Ave is 83.33

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DECISION STRUCTURES
• Conditions are statements that result to a Boolean
value. The Boolean value may either be a TRUE or
FALSE, 0 or 1 value.
• Conditions are categorized into two:

• 1) LOGICAL OPERATORS
• 2)RELATIONAL OPERATORS

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Conditional Statements
• three basic logic operators that can be used for
conditional statements:

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Conditional Statements
• LOGICAL OPERATORS

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Conditional Statements
• NOT Truth Table
• TRUE = T or
• 1 FALSE = F or 0
• The NOT operator reverses the logic or result of a certain
condition

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Conditional Statements
• AND/OR Truth Table

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Exercise 1.

• What would be the result of conditions A, B, and C

when using the AND and OR operator?
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Relational Operators
• compare two values and returns a Boolean value depending
on whether the test condition is true or false

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Exercise 2.
• Assume that you have variables X and Y. What would be the
results of the conditions if we were to compare them with
different values and different relational operators?

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More on Decision Box

• it should be noted that what you place inside the diamond
box are conditions that either results to TRUE or FALSE
• Note: You don’t place conditions that are in essay form, you
must be able to represent it in a mathematical form.

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Single Alternative Selection Structure

• A decision box may not
necessarily have to do something
for both the TRUE path and the
FALSE path.
• Example: if x < y, print x

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Dual Alternative Selection Structure

• performs two different things
when the condition is TRUE or
FALSE
• Example: if x < y, print x,
otherwise print y

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Exercise 3.
• Draw a flowchart that will ask the user to enter a character
(either ‘M’ or ‘F’) to indicate the user’s gender (Male or
Female). Display “Male” if the user enters the value of ‘M’ and
“Female” for the value of ‘F’. (Assume all inputs are correct.)
• 2. Draw a flowchart that will ask the user to input the values of
four variables, A, B, C, and D and print “TRUE” if A is greater
than B, and C is less than D or if A is greater than B and C is less
than D. Print “FALSE” if otherwise.

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Multiple Decision Boxes

• can oftentimes be combined into a single box
• there are times, however, when you have to be very
specific with the conditions that you have to put in
• Example:
• Create a flowchart that asks the user enter a number
from 1 – 3. If 1 is entered, print “Hello”; if 2 is entered,
print “Hi”; and if 3 is entered, then print “Bye”.
Otherwise, print “Invalid.”
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Multiple Decision Boxes

Start

x=0

Get x

Yes
x == 1? “Hello”
No
Yes
x == 2? “Hi”
No End
Yes
x == 3? “Bye”
No
“Invalid”

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Using Decision Box with Ranges

• use a sequence of decision blocks starting with either the lowest or
highest value in each range of values you are using to make your
selections
• Example:
• Create a flowchart that would print the name of the supervisor under
a certain department number.
Department Number Supervisor
1-3 Mr. X
4-7 Mr. Y
8-9 Mr. Z
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Multiple Decision Boxes

Start

Dept = 0

Get Dept

Dept <= Yes

3? “Mr. X”

No
Dept Yes
<=7? “Mr. Y”
End
No
“Mr. Z”

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Looping Constructs
•Repetition Structure
• also referred to as a loop
or iteration, this type of
structure repeats one or
more instructions until a
certain condition is met

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Looping Constructs
• the action performed by a repetition structure must
eventually cause the loop to terminate, otherwise, an infinite
loop is created
• in the next flowchart segment, X is never changed
• once the loop starts, it will never end
• QUESTION:
How can this flowchart be modified so it is no longer
becomes an infinite loop?

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Looping Constructs

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Looping Constructs
• ANSWER: By adding an action within the repetition that changes the value of
X.

• this type of structure is known as a pre-test repetition structure

• the condition is tested BEFORE any actions are performed
• in a pre-test repetition structure, if the condition does not exist, the loop will
never begin and the actions inside the loop will not be executed
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Looping Constructs
• this flowchart segment shows a
post-test repetition structure
• the condition is tested AFTER the
actions are performed
• a post-test repetition structure
always performs its actions at
least once

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Example 1:
• Create a flowchart that will display the following result:
(Assume that the variable is initialized to 5) Sample Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Done
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Flowchart

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Example 2:
• Create a flowchart that will print a series of numbers based
on what was entered by the user. Number Entered: 4
• Sample Output:
1
2
3
4
Done

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Flowchart

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Example 3:
• Create a flowchart that will
print the sum of all even
numbers from 1 - 100.

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Example 4:
• Example 4: Create a
flowchart that will print the
sum of all odd numbers
from 1 - 100

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Example 5:
• Create a flowchart that
prints your name five
times.

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Multiple Loops
• it is possible to have a loop within a loop
• in case of multiple loops, it is critical to determine what
condition will terminate the whole flowchart

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Example:
• Create a flowchart that asks the user to enter a gender.
Determine if the user presses either ‘M’ or ‘F’, if ‘M’ display
“MALE”, or if ‘F’ display “FEMALE”. Otherwise, display “Invalid
Gender” and let the user reenter a gender. Repeat the whole
process 5 times.

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REFERENCES:

Hoffer, J.A. George, J. Valacich, J. (2013).

Modern systems analysis and design (7 th ed).
Pearson Education Gonzalez, V. Ph. D. Java 2 bible. UP Los
Banos, Laguna Schildt, H. (2011).
Java the complete reference (8th ed). McGrew Hill
Professional

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CC102
FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING