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Dr Frost

Cumulative Frequency Graphs

Starter: Problems involving mean
 The
mean height of a group of eight girls is 1.56m.
When another girl joins the group the mean height is 1.55m.
Work out the height of this girl.

Answer = 1.47m
?
Girl
[Harder] The mean weight of cats is 1.5kg.
When an obese cat of weight 14.3kg comes into
the room, the new average weight is 1.7kg.
Find the original number of cats .

?
The Whole Picture...
Frequency
Histogram Polygon

Grouped Cumulative
Widths (cm): Frequency Table Frequency Table
4, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, Width (cm) Frequency Width (cm) Cum Freq

15, 18, 28, 42 0 < w < 10 4 0 < w < 10 4

10 < w < 25 6 0 < w < 25 10
25 < w < 60 2 0 < w < 60 12

Determine
Median/LQ/UQ Median/LQ/UQ Cumulative
class interval Frequency
Graph

Estimate of
Median/LQ/UQ/num
Box Plots values in range
Median/Quartile Revision

Here are the ages of 10 people at Pablo’s party. Choose the correct value.

12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 19, 24

(Click to vote)
Median: 
15 
15.5 
16

LQ: 
13 
13.5 
14

UQ: 
17 
18 
19

Interquartile
Range: 3? Range: 12
?
Quickfire Quartiles

LQ Median UQ
1, 2, 3 1? 2? 3?

1, 2, 3, 4 ?
1.5 ?
2.5 ?
3.5

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1.5
? 2? 4.5
?

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2? 3.5
? 5?

Rule for lower quartile:

•Even num of items: find median of bottom half.
•Odd num of items: throw away middle item, find medium of remaining half.
What if there’s lots of items?
There are 31 items, in order of value. What items should we use for the median and
lower/upper quartiles?

0 1 1 2 4 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 14 14 14 15 16 17
29 31 31 37 37 38 39 40 40 41 43 44

 Use item
LQ Use the 8? th item

Median  Use item

? item
Use the 16 th

 Use item
UQ ? item
Use the 24 th
What if there’s lots of items?

Num items LQ Median UQ

15 4th? 8?th 12? th

23 6th? 12?th 18? th

39 10?th 20? th 30? th

47 12?th 24? th 36? th

Box Plots
Box Plots allow us to visually represent the distribution of the data.

Minimum Maximum Median Lower Quartile Upper Quartile

3 27 17 15 22

Sketch Sketch Sketch Sketch Sketch

range

IQR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

How is the IQR represented Sketch How is the range Sketch

in this diagram? represented in this diagram?
Box Plots

Sketch a box plot to represent the given weights of cats:

5lb, 6lb, 7.5lb, 8lb, 8lb, 9lb, 12lb, 14lb, 20lb

Minimum Maximum Median Lower Quartile Upper Quartile
5 ? 20 ? 8 ? 6.75 ? 13 ?

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Sketch
Worksheet
Printed handout. Q1

Reference: GCSE-BoxPlotsQuartileStemLeaf
Box Plots
If you only had the diagram, how could we interpret the distribution of data?

What we observe What we can deduce

The second box is There is a greater spread of weights in the top
wider than the first. ?
half. This is known as positive skew.
The length of the second The fattest cat has a weight that is an
‘whisker’ (pun intended) is extreme value, because ? the weight is far
quite long. above the Upper Quartile.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Comparing Box Plots

Box Plot comparing house prices of Croydon and Kingston-upon-Thames.

Croydon

Kingston

£100k £150k £200k £250k £300k £350k £400k £450k

“Compare the prices of houses in Croydon with those in Kingston”. (2 marks)

For 1 mark, one of: For 1 mark:
•In interquartile range of house prices •The median house price in Kingston was greater than that
in Kingston is greater than Croydon. in Croydon.
•The range of house prices in Kingston
? •(Note that in old mark schemes, comparing the
?
is greater than Croydon. minimum/maximum/quartiles would have been acceptable,
but currently, you MUST compare the median)
Worksheet
Printed handout. Q7

Reference: GCSE-BoxPlotsQuartileStemLeaf
Stem and Leaf

Median/
3 3 7 8 ? Quartiles?

4 1 4 6 ?
?
5 1 1 2 4 ?
5 5
1|3 means 13
?
6 0 2 3 ?

 𝟐
?
𝟑
Worksheet
Printed handout. Q3

Reference: GCSE-BoxPlotsQuartileStemLeaf
Recap: Frequency Tables

(x) (f)

Total of?values  ∑? 𝑓𝑥

How would we usually calculate the Mean of a list =
Num ? values =∑ 𝑓
mean from a list of items? ?
  Mode ?
 Frequency Polygons
With a bar chart, we’d plot each value with its frequency.
But we’ve now grouped the data. We all each IQ range a class interval.
What could we use as a representative value for each class interval?

IQ (x) Frequency
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
 Modal class interval: ?
2

90 100 110 120 130 140

Worksheet
Frequency Polygons
Printed handout. Q5, 8

Reference: GCSE-BoxPlotsQuartileStemLeaf
Recap: Grouped Frequency Tables

  570
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛= =19
?
30

Question: Why is our mean going to be an estimate?

? times within each range.

Because we don’t know the exact
Write Down

The Greek letter

“capital sigma”, frequencies
means “sum of”. midpoint of range

 
∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 =
∑𝑓
Worksheet
Grouped Frequency Tables
Printed handout. Q1, 2

Reference: GCSE-GroupedDataCumFreq
Median from Grouped Frequency Tables

IQ (x) Frequency

 LowerQuartile class interval: ?

Median class interval: ?
Upper Quartile class interval: ?

We will see soon that we can actually estimate a value (rather than just give a
range) for the median, using something called a cumulative frequency graph.
The Whole Picture...
Frequency
Histogram Polygon


Grouped Cumulative
Widths (cm): Frequency Table Frequency Table
4, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, Width (cm) Frequency Width (cm) Cum Freq

15, 18, 28, 42 0 < w < 10 4 0 < w < 10 4

10 < w < 25 6 0 < w < 25 10
25 < w < 60 2 0 < w < 60 12

Determine 
Median/LQ/UQ Median/LQ/UQ  Cumulative
class interval Frequency
Graph

Estimate of
 Median/LQ/UQ/num
Box Plots values in range
 100m times at the 2012 London Olympics

Modal class interval

10.05 < t ≤?10.2
?
Median class interval
10.05 < t ≤?10.2 Estimate of mean
10.02 ?

Time (s) Frequency Cum Freq

9.6 < t ≤ 9.7 1 1?
9.7 < t ≤ 9.9 4 5?
9.9 < t ≤ 10.05 10 15?
10.05 < t ≤ 10.2 17 32?
TOTAL
 Time (s) Frequency Cum Freq Cumulative Frequency Graphs
9.6 < t ≤ 9.7 1 1 Plot This graph tells us how
9.7 < t ≤ 9.9 4 5 Plot many people had “this
9.9 < t ≤ 10.05 10 15 Plot value or less”.
32 10.05 < t ≤ 10.2 17 32 Plot
28 ?
Median = 10.07s
Cumulative Frequency

24
Lower Quartile
20 ?
= 9.95s
16
Upper Quartile
12 ?
= 10.13s
8
Interquartile Range
4 ?
= 0.18s
0
9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3
Time (s)
 A Cumulative Frequency Graph is very useful for finding the number
of values greater/smaller than some value, or within a range. Cumulative Frequency Graphs

Estimate how many

32 runners had a time less
than 10.15s.
28
? runners
26
Cumulative Frequency

24
Estimate how many
20 runners had a time more
than 9.95
16
32 – ?
8 = 24 runners
12
Estimate how many
8 runners had a time
between 9.8s and 10s
4
11 –?3 = 8 runners
0
9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3
Time (s)
 Time (s) Frequency Cum Freq
9.6 < t ≤ 9.7 1 1 Plot
9.7 < t ≤ 9.9 4 5 Plot Sketch Line
9.9 < t ≤ 10.05 17 22 Plot
10.05 < t ≤ 10.2 10 32 Plot

Cumulative Frequency Graph Frequency Polygon

Cumulative Frequency

32 18

28 16

Frequency
24 14

20 12

16 10

12 8

8 4

4 2

0 0
9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2

Time (s) Time (s)

Worksheet
Cumulative Frequency Graphs
Printed handout. Q5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Reference: GCSE-GroupedDataCumFreq
 5?
?
23
?
35
?
39
?
40

?
179
?
34

?
Lower Quartile = 16

?
Upper Quartile = 44.5
We previously found:
Minimum = 9, Maximum = 57, LQ = 16, Median = 34, UQ = 44.5

1 mark: Range/interquartile range of boys’ times is greater.

? is greater.
1 mark: Median of boys’ times
 44
100

 25< 𝐴?≤ 35
?
134
153
160

?
30

?
40.9
  − 24.1=16.8
?
C?
D?
B?
A?
Summary
You use a time machine (you made in DT) to travel forward
time to when you’re doing your GCSE, in order to give
yourself 2 things not to forget when drawing a cumulative
frequency diagram. What do you tell yourself?

Plot the point with 0 cumulative frequency at the

? not necessarily at the
START of your first range,
start of the x-axis.

Use the END of each range when plotting points,

? frequency includes all
so that your cumulative
the people in the range.
The Whole Picture...
Frequency
Histogram Polygon


Grouped Cumulative
Widths (cm): Frequency Table Frequency Table
4, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, Width (cm) Frequency Width (cm) Cum Freq

15, 18, 28, 42 0 < w < 10 4 0 < w < 10 4

10 < w < 25 6 0 < w < 25 10
25 < w < 60 2 0 < w < 60 12

Determine  
Median/LQ/UQ Median/LQ/UQ  Cumulative
class interval Frequency
Graph

Estimate of
 Median/LQ/UQ/num
Box Plots values in range
 ?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph

?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph

?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph

?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph
CARD SORT SOLUTIONS
 ?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph

?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph

?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph

?
? ?
Cumulative
Description Box Plot
Frequency Graph