An Autonomous Institute

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi,

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,
Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 ( B)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC 1
 Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved By AICTE, New Delhi.
Recognized by UGC with 2(f) & 12(B) status.
Accredited by NBA and NAAC

Aero Thermodynamics

Subject Code: MVJ19AE32

2
 Module-2 10 Hours

First Law of Thermodynamics:

Joules experiments, equivalence of heat and work. Statement of the First law of thermodynamics,
extension of the First law to non - cyclic processes, energy, energy as a property, modes of energy, pure
substance; definition, two-property rule, Specific heat at constant volume, enthalpy, specific heat at
constant pressure. Extension of the First law to control volume; steady state-steady flow energy equation,
important applications, analysis of unsteady processes such as film and evacuation of vessels with and
without heat transfer

Estimate velocity, acceleration and stream function for an incompressible L1, L2,
CO205.2
and inviscid flow along with governing equations of fluid flow. L3
1
Laboratory Sessions/ Experimental learning:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suuTC9uGLrI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bJywbP7ZIU
Applications:
1. Conservation of energy principle to Heat and Thermodynamic processes
2. Compressors, Blowers, Steam or Gas Turbines, IC engines
Video link / Additional online information (related to module if any):
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/101/104/101104067/

Estimate velocity, acceleration and stream function for an incompressible L1, L2,
CO205.2
and inviscid flow along with governing equations of fluid flow. L3

4
First Law of Thermodynamics Bridge Materials

Law of Conservation of
Energy The law of conservation of energy
states that:

Internal Energy
“The total energy of an isolated system
Thermodynamic processes is constant”.
Energy can be transformed from one
form to another, but can be neither
Transfer of energy, as heat
and as thermodynamic created nor destroyed.
work

Process: A path of successive state through which the system passes during the change of state.
Cycle: A series of state changes such that the final state is identical with the initial state.
Reversible process: Process in which system passes through series of equilibrium states.
Irreversible process: Process in which system passes through series of non-equilibrium states
5
 Isochoric Process Q
Thermodynamics Process

+Ve
W
Isobaric Process
+Ve
Isothermal Process W
-Ve
Adiabatic Process

Q
Polytropic Proces
-Ve

Work done by a system on its surroundings is treated as a positive quantity.

Energy transfer as heat to a system from its surroundings is treated as a positive quantity

6
First Law of Thermodynamics

7
1.1 Introduction
 The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of
conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic processes,
distinguishing two kinds of transfer of energy, as heat and as
thermodynamic work, and relating them to a function of a body's state,
called Internal energy.
 The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an
isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form
to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed.
 For a thermodynamic process without transfer of matter, the first law
is often formulated
∆ 𝑼 =𝑸 −𝑾
 

Where, ΔU denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system,

Q denotes the quantity of energy supplied to the system as heat, and
W denotes the amount of thermodynamic work done by the system on its surroundings.
8
First Law of Thermodynamics
 This law of thermodynamics is a particular statement of
the general principles of law of conservation of energy
applied to heat & work transfer.
 The law states that, “Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but it can only be converted from one form to
another”.
 Though the law can not be prove analytically, it has
never been disproved & on the contrary many
experiments have verified its statement.

9
Joule’s Experiment
 During the year (1840 – 1849), James Joule analyzed the
statement of conservation of energy by arrangement
shown in the fig.

10
Joule’s Experiment
 It consists of a paddle wheel arrangement with the
liquid filled in an insulated container.
 When the weight falls, it supplies the work energy
equals to its potential energy to paddle wheel &
causes to rotate it.
 This causes the fluid to heat up due to friction
between the paddle wheel & the fluid.
 As a result of work transfer the temperature of the
liquid rises, which is measured with the help of the
thermometer.

11
Joule’s Experiment
 The system has undergone a process (1-A-2) as
shown.

12
Joule’s Experiment
 Now the heat is transferred from liquid to surrounding till
the system returns to its original state of pressure &
temperature.

 The heat transferred is shown by process (2-B-1).

13
Joule’s Experiment
 With such experiment Joule concluded that in every
case the work input W was always proportional to heat
transfer Q at the end of the cycle.
 Mathematically we can write,
ʘʃ d’W = J ʘʃ d’Q
Where, J is a constant known as mechanical
equivalent of the system.

14
Joule’s Experiment
 In M.K.S unit J = 4.187 kJ/k cal
 In S.I unit J = 1 J/Nm
 Since W and Q are both measured in J or Nm we can
write,
ʘʃ d’W = ʘʃ d’Q

15
Corollaries of First Law
 The first law of thermodynamics has the number of
important consequences, which forms corollaries.
(A corollary is a statement that follows readily from a
previous statement.)
 There are three main corollaries of first law,

Corollary 1 (Perpetual Motion Machine 1)

 A machine operating on a cycle and producing work
continuously or periodically without absorption of energy
at the same time is known as perpetual motion machine.
 Therefore, the first law can also be stated in
following terms, 16
Corollaries of First Law
 “It is impossible to construct a perpetual motion
machine of first kind”.
i.e. no machine working over a cycle can produce energy
without corresponding expenditure of energy.
 Converse of PMM 1 is also true.
i.e. there can not be any machine which would consume
work energy without some other form of energy
appearing simultaneously.

17
Corollary 2
 While studying thermodynamics we come across with
processes rather than cycles.
 When a system executes a process, the net heat
transfer equals to sum of net work transfer and
change in stored energy, dE.
d’ Q = d’ W + dE
 This is known as First law for a process.

18
Corollary 3
 For an isolated system, there are no mass & energy
transfer, i.e. dQ = 0 & dW = 0.
Therefore,
(dE)isolated = 0

 Total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

19
Heat is Path Function

Lets us consider following two cycles: 1a2b1 and la2cl

and apply the first law of thermodynamics.

Energy transfer as heat is not a point function, neither is it a

property of the system.
Heat interaction is a path function.
First Law of Thermodynamics for a
Continuous System
Conservation of Mass applied to a control volume
Conservation of Energy applied to a Control Volume
Application of Steady-state Flow
Processes for

 Nozzle and Diffusor

 Throttling Device
 Turbine and Compressor
 Heat Exchnger
Limitation of First
law
 The first law deals with the amount of energy of various forms transferred between the system
and its surrounding and with changes in the energy stored in the system.
 It treated work and heat interactions as equivalent forms of energy in transit and does not
indicate the possibility of a spontaneous process proceeding in a certain direction.
 The first law of thermodynamics does not provide answers to the following questions.
 IS A PARTICULAR PROCESS / REACTION FEASIBLE?
 TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE PROCESS / REACTION PROCEED?
 IS COMPLETE CONVERSION OF INTERNAL ENERGY INTO WORK POSSIBLE?
 There exists a law which determines the direction in which a spontaneous process proceeds. The
law, known as the second law of thermodynamics, is a principle of wide generality and provides
answer to the above questions.
 It is essential to understand the meaning of the following terms in order to discuss the second law
of thermodynamics:
 Thermal reservoir is a large body from which a finite quantity of energy can be extracted or to
which a finite quantity of energy can be added as heat without changing its temperature.
 A source is a thermal reservoir at high temperature from which a heat engine receives the
energy as heat.
 A sink is a low temperature thermal reservoir to which a heat engine rejects energy as heat
 First Law of Thermodynamics

 The First Law is usually referred to as the Law of Conservation of Energy, i.e. energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, but rather transformed from one state to another.

 The energy balance is maintained within the system being studied/defined

boundary.
 The various energies associated are then being observed as they cross the
boundaries of the system.

2
6
 Energy Balance for Closed System

Closed 
Heat
System V
Work
z

Reference Plane, z = 0

or

Ein  Eout 2 Esystem

7
 According to classical thermodynamics

Qnet  Wnet  Esystem

 The total energy of the system, Esystem, is given as

E = Internal energy+ Kinetic energy + Potential energy E = U + KE

+ PE

The change in stored energy for the system is
E  U  KE  PE

The first law of thermodynamics for closed systems then can be written as

 U  KE  PE
Qnet  Wnet
2
8
 If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to
 U
Qnet  Wnet
 The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of

 V 2
g(z  z )
 u2 V 22
q net  w net  u1   2000 1   21000
1  (kJ / kg)
  
 V 2 g(z  z )
V 22
Q n e t W net  m  u 2  u 1   2000   21000
1 1  (kJ
   )
 For a constant volume process,
 2
Q n e t W net  m  u 2 V V 2
 2 1  z )
g(z 
 u1  2000  1000
2 1
 
 2 V
2
g(z  z )
 m  u2 V
Q net  u1   2206 1   21000 1 
  
 For a constant pressure process,

 2
Q net W net  m  u 2 V
 2 V 2
2 1  z )
g(z
 
 u1  2000
1
 1000
 

 2
Q net  P(V2 V1 )  m  u 2 V
 V 2
2 1  z )
g(z
 
 u1  2000  1000
2 1
 


 m  u 2  u1  V 2 V 2 g(z
2 1  z )

Q net 
V1 )  2000  1000
2 1
P(V2 

 2
m V
 V 2
g(z 1  z )

Q net  h1  2000 
2 1 2
1000
h2 
 3
0
 Example.1
A closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an  Rearrange the equation
adiabatic process. The work done on the   2 1
 m  u 2  u 1  V 2 V 2 g(z  z ) 
2 1

system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system Q net

W net 2000 1000
 
changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. During the
 V 2
g(z
V2 2
z)
process, the elevation of the system increases W net  m u  u 2 1  2000
1
  2 1
 1000
 
45 meters. Determine the change in internal
energy of the system.    152  32   9.81 45 
30  2u  2  2000  2 1000 
   
u  14.451 kJ Ans..

Solution:

 Energy balance,
 2
Qn e t W net  m  u2 V V 2 2 g(z
1  z)
 u1  2
2000
1
 1000
 
3
1
 Closed System First Law of a Cycle
 Some thermodynamic cycle composes of processes in which the working fluid
undergoes a series of state changes such that the final and initial states are
identical.

 For such system the change in internal energy of the working fluid is
zero.

 The first law for a closed system operating in a thermodynamic

cycle becomes

Qnet  Wnet  Ucycle

Qnet  Wnet
32
 PV n 
According to a law of
constant
No Value of n Process Description Result of IGL

1 ∞ isochoric constant volume (V1 = V2)

P1 P2
T1  T2
2 0 isobaric constant pressure (P1 = P2)
V1 V 2
T1  T 2
3 1 isothermal constant temperature
(T1= T )2 P 1V 1  P 2 V 2

4 1<n< γ polytropic -none- n

n

P1  V2   T1  n1
5 γ isentropic constant entropy (S1 = S2)    
P2  V1   T2 

33
 Boundary Works
P
2

1 5

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06/10/17 34
Various forms of work are expressed as follows

Process Boundary Work

isochoric  P(V2  V1 )  0
W12

isobaric  P(V2  V1 )
W12

isothermal V
W 12  P V 1 l n1 2

V 1

polytropic
P V  PV
W 12  2 2 1 1
isentropic 1n

35
 Conservation of Mass
 Conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental principles in nature.
We are all familiar with this principle, and it is not difficult to understand it!

 For closed system, the conservation of mass principle is implicitly used since
the mass of the system remain constant during a process.

 However, for control volume, mass can cross the boundaries. So the amount
of mass entering and leaving the control volume must be considered.

36
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
 Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the mass flow rate. Note the
dot over the mass symbol indicates a time rate of change. It is expressed as
m   V .dA

If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross- sectional area, the mass flow
 rate is
AV

 mAV
 

1
where  
 iscalled specificvoulme

JIT
06/10/17 37
 Principal of Conservation of Mass

 The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be expressed as

m in  m out  m CV

 For a steady state, steady flow process the conservation of mass principle becomes

(kg/s)
m in  m out

38
 Flow Work & The Energy of a Flowing Fluid

 As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work done on that unit of
mass is

A
W  F dL  FdL
flow
A  Pv m
 PdV
w  W flow  Pv
flow 
m
39
 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

 The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control surface is the sum of the
internal energy + flow work + potential energy + kinetic energy

V2 V2

energy  u  P   gz  h   gz
2
2
 The first law for a control volume can be written as

. . .  V
2
 . V
2

Qn e t  W net   mout 
h 
out
2
 gz out
   min  h in    in  gz 
2
out  out  in  in


40
 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

 The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control

surface is the sum of the internal energy + flow work + potential
energy + kinetic energy
V2 V2

energy  u  P   gz  h 
 gz
2
 The first law for a control volume
2 can be written as
. . .  V out
2
 .  V
2

Qn e t  W   m out   gz out    m in  in   in
net
hout  2 h  2  gz in 
out   in  

41
 Nozzle & Diffuser
•Nozzle - device that increases the velocity fluid at the expense of pressure.
•Diffuser - device that increases pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
•Commonly utilized in jet

engines, rockets, space-craft and even

garden hoses.
Q = 0 (heat transfer from the
fluid to surroundings small very
W = 0 and ΔPE = 0

42
 Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):

. . .  2
Vin  . . .  V
2

Qin  Win  min  
2 gz in
  Qou  Wou  mout  hout  out  gz 
2
 h 
in in  t t out 
out


.  V 2

.   V out2

m in h in
  2
in 

 m out  h out
 2 

   22 
V 2 V
 h1    1    h2 2 
 2  

43
 Turbine & Compressor

 Turbine – a work producing device through the expansion of a fluid.

Compressor (as well as pump and fan) - device used to increase pressure of a fluid
 and involves work input.
Q = 0 (well insulated), ΔPE = 0, ΔKE = 0 (very small compare to Δenthalpy).


44
 Energy balance: for turbine

. . .  2
Vin  . . 
. V
2

Qi  Win  min  
2 gz in
  Qou  Wou  mout h  out  gz 
2
n h 
in in  t t out out 
out


. . .

m in
h  W out 
m out
h
 
in
.
out
.
W out  m h1  h2


45
 Energy balance: for compressor, pump and fan

. . .  2
 V in 
. . .  Vout
2

Qi  Wi  min
2 gz in
  Qou  Wou  mout  hout
2 gz
 ou

n n
h 
in in  t t out  t 

. . .
W in 
m in
h   h
m out out
 
in

. .
W in  m h2  h1

46
Throttling Valve

Flow-restricting devices that cause a

significant pressure drop in the fluid.

Some familiar examples are ordinary

adjustable valves and capillary tubes.

47
Heat Exchanger

Devices where two moving fluid streams

exchange heat without mixing.

Heat exchangers typically involve no work

interactions (w = 0) and negligible kinetic
and potential energy changes for each fluid
stream.

48
Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin-Planck statement
 No heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency 100
percent.

 As for a power plant to

operate, the working fluid must
exchange heat with the environment as
well as the furnace.

49
 Heat Engines
 Work can easily be converted to other forms of energy, but?

 Heat engine differ considerably from one another, but all can be
characterized :

o they receive heat from a high-temperature source

o they convert part of this heat to work

o they reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink atmosphere

o they operate on a cycle

27
 The work-producing device
that best fit into the definition of a
heat engine is the steam power
plant, which is an external
combustion engine.

28
 Represent the magnitude of the energy wasted in order to complete the
cycle.

 A measure of the performance that is called the thermal efficiency.

Can be expressed in terms of the desired output and the required input


 th  Desired Result
Required Input
 For a heat engine the desired result is the net work done and the input is
the heat supplied to make the cycle
operate. 29
The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less than 100 percent.

 th  Wnet , out
Q in
where

 Win
Wnet , out  Wout

Qin  Qnet

30
 Applying the first law to the cyclic heat engine

 U
Qnet , in  Wnet , out
Wnet , out  Qnet , in
 Qin
Wnet , out  Qout
 The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as

 th  Wnet , out
Q in

Qin  Qout

Qin

Q31outQin
 1
A thermodynamic temperature scale related to the heat transfers between a reversible device and
the high and low-temperature reservoirs by

QL TL

QH TH

The heat engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle is called the Carnot Heat Engine
in which its efficiency is

TL
 th, rev  1 TH
55
 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
A device that transfers heat from a low temperature medium to a high
temperature one is the heat pump.

Refrigerator operates exactly like heat pump except that the desired output is
the amount of heat removed out of the system

The index of performance of a heat pumps or refrigerators are expressed in

terms of the coefficient of performance.

56
57
 QH QH QL
COP 
HP  COP R
W net , in Q H Q L
Wnet , in

58
 Carnot Cycle
Process Description

1-2 Reversible isothermal heat addition at high temperature

Reversible adiabatic expansion from high temperature to low
2-3 temperature
Reversible isothermal heat rejection at low temperature
3-4 Reversible adiabatic compression from low temperature to high
temperature
4-1

59
Execution of Carnot cycle in a piston cylinder device

60
61
 Thethermal efficiencies of actual and reversible heat engines operating between the
same temperature limits compare as follows

 The coefficients of performance of actual and reversible refrigerators operating between the
same temperature limits compare as follows

39
Example1
Solution:
A steam power plant produces 50
MW of net work while burning fuel
 th  Wnet , out
to produce 150 MW of heat energy at QH
the high temperature. Determine the 50 MW
  0.333 or 33.3%
cycle thermal efficiency and the heat 150 MW
rejected by the cycle to the
surroundings.  QH  QL
Wnet , out
QL  QH
 Wnet , out
 150 MW  50 MW
 100 MW

63
Example.2

A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high- temperature heat reservoir at 652ºC
and rejects heat to a low- temperature heat reservoir at 30ºC. Determine :
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat reservoir

Solution:

TH = 652oC

TL Q L TL
QH  th, rev  1 TH Q H T H

HE WOUT
 1 (30  273) K (30  273) K
  0.328
QL (652  273) K (652  273) K
TL = 30oC  0.672 or 67.2% Q L  500 kJ (0.328)
 164 kJ

64
 Example.3

An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated space at 2ºC while
operating in a room where the temperature is 25ºC and has a COP of 13.5. Is there any truth to his
claim?

Solution:

TH = 25oC
Q T
COPR  QL Q
 L
TH  TL
QH H L

 (2  273) K
(25  2) K
R Win

QL  11.96
TL = 2oC

this claim is also false!

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06/10/17 65
 NPTEL Lectures in Youtube-Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LyCqfuBZbs&list=PLkn3QISf55zy
2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&index=7
Outcomes:
Indepth explanation of Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuGg1JMdTcE&list=PLkn3QISf55
zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ
Outcomes:
Indepth explanation of all Laws of Thermodynamics
• First Law of Thermodynamics (Part-1)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odTsODmMGWE&list=PLkn3QISf5
5zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&index=8
(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 66
 NPTEL Lectures in Youtube-Laws of Thermodynamics

• First Law of Thermodynamics (Part-1)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odTsODmMGWE&list=PLkn3QISf
55zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&index=8
Outcomes:
Indepth of First Law of Thermodynamics

Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 67

 NPTEL and Youtube Lectures
• First Law of Thermodynamics (Part-2)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVUh5uTT6bE&list=PLkn3QISf55zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&in
dex=9
Outcomes:
Some example problems
• First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTnw8rIDIPM&list=PLkn3QISf55zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&ind
ex=10
Outcomes:
Practical problems are solved for closed systems
• First Law of Thermodynamics for Open systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJfzKbUO5Ho&list=PLkn3QISf55zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&in
dex=11
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GdmAf6lblg&list=PLkn3QISf55zy2Nlqr5F09oO2qcIwNNfrZ&inde
x=12
Outcomes:
Practical problems are solved for open systems

(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 68

 NPTEL and Youtube Lectures
NPTEL Lectures
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/105/112105266/
Outcomes :
Review of learning concepts
Brayaton cycle is studied additionally

Youtube NPTEL Lectures (Heat and Work)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnNsR9IV4sc&list=PLkn3QISf55zy2Nlqr5F09
oO2qcIwNNfrZ&index=5
Outcomes :
Review of learning concepts
Brayaton cycle is studied additionally

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 MCQs
1. The variations in enthalpy that can not be 3. Changes in enthalpy in an exothermic reaction is
detected per calorimeter can be detected a) positive
with the aid of
b) negative
a) Newton’s law
c) constant
b) Hess’s law
d) neutral
c) Krebs law
d) Ohm’s law
4. The first law of thermodynamics states that
energy can not be
2. The energy required to sever a given
e) created only
covalent bond is named
f) destroyed only
e) bond energy
g) converted
f) bond enthalpy
h) created and destroyed
g) bond dissociation energy
h) all of above

(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 70

 MCQs
5. Hess’s law states that a chemical reaction is 7. The change in the energy between a
independent of the route by which chemical chemical reaction and the surroundings at
reactions takes place while keeping the constant temperature is called
same a) enthalpy change
a) initial conditions only b) enthalpy
b) final conditions only c) enthalpy profile
c) mid-conditions d) dynamic enthalpy
d) initial and final conditions
8. To initiate a reaction the minimum energy
6. The standard enthalpy change of which is required to break bonds is called
neutralization involves the reaction of an • bond energy
acid with an alkali to form 1 mol of
• activation energy
e) water
• breaking energy
f) oxygen
• ionization energy
g) nitrogen
h) anhydrous salt
71
 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeIr1XODdF7
XCpImtzFiXyD-
qK06I9DDLaWFJapjyaFpnYSvg/viewform?usp=sf_link

https://forms.gle/9TFpjeRmveejnmvKA

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 VTU Question Dec.2016/Jan 2017
• Distinguish between • A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at
an initial pressure of 20 bar. The fluid is
1) Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches allowed to expand reversibly behind a piston
of Thermodynamics (L2) according to a law PV2 = constant until its
2) Intensive and extensive properties (L1) volume is doubled. The fluid is then reversed
irreversibly at constant pressure until the
The readings TA and TB of two Celsius piston regains its original position : heat is
thermometers A and B agree at ice point and then supplied reversibly with the piston firmly
steam point , but elsewhere is related by the locked in position until the pressure rise to the
equation TA = L + MTB + NTB2 where L, M and original value of 20 bar. Calculate the net
N are constants. When both the thermometer are work done by the fluid, for an initial volume
immersed in a fluid, A registers 11°C while B of 0.05 m3. (L3)
registers 10°C. Determine the reading on A and
B registers 37.4°C. (L3)

(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 73

 VTU Question Dec.2016/Jan 2017
• Write a neat diagram of constant volume • Distinguish between heat and work in
thermometer and explain. (L1) Thermodynamics. (L2)
• In 1709, Sir Isaac Newton proposed a new • Derive an expression for the work done per unit
temperature scale. On this scale, the temperature mass for a reversible isothermal process take
was a linear function of Celcius scale. The place in a closed system containing an ideal
reading on this at ice point 0°C and normal gas. (L1)
human body temperature (37°C) where 0°N and
12°N respectively. Obtain the relation between • A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an
the Newton and the Celsius Scale. (L3) initial pressure of 20 bar. The fluid is allowed
to expand reversibly behind a piston according
to a law PV2 = constant until its volume is
doubled. The fluid is then reversed irreversibly
at constant pressure until the piston regains its
original position : heat is then supplied
reversibly with the piston firmly locked in
position until the pressure rise to the original
value of 20 bar. Calculate the net work done by
the fluid, for an initial volume of 0.05 m3. (L3)

(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 74

 FDP MCQ’s on Thermodynamics
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If3Umf7TWfI
Outcomes:
The students should see how MCQ’s are asked in FDPs.

Innovative Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmac1YYtlqw
Outcomes:
Reducing the consumption of Engines by converting heat into power effectively.

(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 75

 Case Study
P (a) Otto Cycle P (b) Diesel Cycle
2 1 2

3 3
1

4 4

V V

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 Case Study
1. List the processes involved in case (a).
2. List the processes involved in case (b).
3. How does case (a) differ from case (b) with respect to processes?
4. Derive the expression for the net work done for both the cases (a) and (b)
assuming the compression and expansion processes are isentropic. Shade the net
network done area in the PV diagram.
5. What comparison can you make with Otto and Diesel cycle with respect to the net
work done ?
6. Which cycle has more net work done? Why?

(An Autonomous Institute) Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi.

Text books and References
SI. No. Title of the book Name of the Name of the Edition and
author Publication Year

1. Basic and Applied P.K. NAG Tata McGrawHill 2nd Edition,

Thermodynamics 2002

2. Basic Engineering A.Venkatesh University Press, India 2007

Thermodynamics

Reference
Books
1. Thermodynamics – An Yunus A. Cengel Tata McGraw Hill 2002
Engineering Approach and Michael A.
Boles
2. An Introduction to Y.V.C.Rao Wiley Eastern 1993
Thermodynamics

Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi. 78

Reference Books

1.
A Venkatesh, Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Universities Press, India, 2007,
ISBN 13: 9788173715877

2.
P K Nag, Basic and Applied Thermodynamics, 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw Hill Pub. 2002,
ISBN 13: 9780070151314

3.
YunusA.Cenegal and Michael A.Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach,
TataMcGraw Hill publications, 2002, ISBN 13: 9780071072540
J.B.Jones and G.A.Hawkins, Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley 1986, ISBN 13:
4
9780471812029
5.
R.K. Rajput, Thermal Engineering, Laxmi Publications Pvt Limited,2006, ISBN
9788170088349, 8170088348

79
 MVJ College of Engineering
Near ITPB, Whitefield
Bangalore-560 067
M: [email protected]
Thank You
P: +91 80 4299 1040

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by NBA & NAAC 80
An Autonomous Institute