Al-Balqa Applied

University

Dr.Audih alfaouri 1
 1- Phase to phase capacitance:
The capacitance per unit length between the two conductors of the line is
Q Q  o 2.78  10 11
C ab     , F / m 
V ab Q D  D  D 
ln   ln   ln  
 o  r   r   r 

Dr.Audih alfaouri 2
2- Phase to ground capacitance: (Charging Current in Transmission Line)

If the ground surface below the conductor is note with (h), and since the
potential difference between each conductor and the ground (or neutral) is
one half of the potential difference between the two, then the capacitance
between the conductor and ground of this single-phase transmission line
will be
2 o 5.56  1011
Can   ,  F / m
 
h  
h
ln   ln  
r r

Similarly, the expressions for capacitance of three-phase lines (and for lines with
more than 3 phases) can be derived.
Dr.Audih alfaouri 3
 The shunt capacitive admittance of a transmission line
depends on both the capacitance(C) of the line and the
frequency of the power system, the shunt admittance per unit
length will be 1 1
yC    j C  j 2 f .C ,(S/ m)
 jX c 1
j C
And per unit length Y C  y C .d  j 2 f .C .l , S
where l is the length of the line. The corresponding capacitive
reactance is the reciprocal to the admittance:
1
* Z  R  jX , Y  G  jB and y  if ( R and X Lare neglected ) then
z
1 1
yC  jBC    jC  j 2 f .C and Y  2 f .C .d
jX C 1
Dr.Audih alfaouri jC 4
 Similar to the case for determining line inductance
when there are n bundled conductors,we use the
original capacitance equation just substituting an
equivalent radius GMRbc  n ( rd12  d 1n )
 two conductors GMRb2  r .d
 three conducto rs GMRb3  3
r .d 2
 four conductors GMRb4  1.09 4 r .d 3
*Note for the capacitance equation we
use r rather than r ' which was used in the inductance equation
Wher : (r ) is conductor radius (m ).
(d ) is distance between boundl (m ).
Dr.Audih alfaouri 5
 And for the case of uniformly transposed lines we
use the same GMD.
2
Can 
 GMD 
ln  c 
 GMRb 
where
GMD  3
 Dab .Dac .Dbc 
GMRbc  n (rd12  d 1n ) (same as inductance)
Wher : ( r ) is conductor radius (m).
(d ) is distance between boundl (m).
Dr.Audih alfaouri 6
 Example
•Calculate the phase to phase capacitance and reactance of a
balanced 3, 50 Hz, transmission line with horizontal phase
spacing of 10m using three conductor bundling with a spacing
between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is
uniformly transposed and the conductors have 1cm radius.

Dr.Audih alfaouri 7
GMR  r.d  (0.01 0.3 )  0.0965 m
3
b
3 2 3 2

GMD = 3 (10×10× 20) = 12.6 m (This is equivalent spacing )

The capacitance phase to phase per meter is :
11 11
2.78 10 2.78 10
Cab  Cbc  Cca    5.7 1012 F/m
 GMD   12.6 
ln   ln  
 GMR   0.0965 
1 1
Xc    2.79  1010
/m
C 2 50  5.7 10 12

Dr.Audih alfaouri 8
 The three phase double circuit is operated with
(a1,b1,c1)circuit and (a2,b2,c2) circuit as in figure . Each phase
conductor is transposed within its group with respect to the
parallel three phase line the effect of the shield wires and the
ground is considered to be neglected. The capacitance
equivalent per phase to neutral is
2 o
C an  ,(F / m )
 GMD 
ln  
 GM R C 

GMD  3 D A B .D BC .D A C
(as inductance case )
Dr Audih 9
where ;
D AB  4 D a1b1 .D a1b2 .D a2b1 .D a2b2 D BC  4 Db1c1 .Db1c 2 .Db 2c1 .Db2c 2
D AC  4 D a1c1 .D a1c 2 .D a2c1 .D a2c 2
The exception is to use r b instead of D sb .This will result
rA  r b .D a1a2 , rB  r b .Db1b2 , rC  r b .Dc1c 2
W here r b is the geometric mean radius of the bundled
conductors ,the equivalent GMR C per phase to neutral
for capacitance is :
GMRC  3 rA .rB .rC
Dr.Audih alfaouri 10
 Example: Three-phase transposed transmission line
A double circuit three-phase transposed transmission line is
composed of two ACSR Kiwi conductors per phase with
vertical configuration as shown in Figure. The conductors
have a diameter of 4.4069 cm and a GMR of 1.7374 cm. The
bundle spacing is 45cm. Find the capacitance per phase per
kilometer of the line.

Dr.Audih alfaouri 11
 Solution:

Dr.Audih alfaouri 12
 For two conductors r b  r.d

r b  r.d   o.o 44o69 / 2    45  102   0.09957m

rA  (0.09957)  (25.1644)  1.5829 m

rB  (0.09957)  (24.0)  1.5458m
rC  (0.09957)  (25.1644)  1.5829 m
GMR  3 rA .rB .rC  3 (1.5829) 2  (1.5458)  1.5705m
Therefore the Capacitance per phase is :
2 o 0.0556
C  C an    0.0240 ,(  F / km)
 GMD   15.9267 
ln   ln  1.5705 
 GMRC 
Dr Audih 13
 AC resistance of a conductor is always higher than its DC resistance due to the skin effect .
forcing more current flow near the outer surface of the conductor. For higher frequency
of current, give more noticeable skin effect .
At industrial frequencies of our interest  50 - 60 Hz  , however, skin effect is not very strong.
The line resistance per unit length is given by
 .l
R= ,where  is the resistivity
A
Resistivity of Copper  20C o  = 1.724  10-8 Ω.m
Resistivity of Aluminum  20C o  = 2.875  10-8 Ω.m
Example: What is the resistance in Ω / m of a 0.5mm diameter solid aluminum wire (at dc)?
2.857 10-8 Ω.m
R 2
 0.1455  / m ( for 100m R  0.1455 100  14.55 )
 0.5 10  2
3
   m
 2 

Dr.Audih alfaouri 14
 Types of Conductors
Aluminum has replaced copper as the most common conductor metal
for overhead transmission . In general, the types of conductors are:
solid; stranded;

Dr.Audih alfaouri 15
 Anti-corrosion A.C.S.R

Dr.Audih alfaouri 16
 Example :
8kV, 60 Hz, single-phase, transmission line consists of two hard-drawn
aluminum conductors with a radius of 2 cm spaced 1.2 m apart. If the
transmission line is 30 km long and the temperature of the conductors
is 200C,
a.What is the total series resistance of this line?
b.What is the total series inductance of this line?
c.What is the total series impedance of this line?
d.What is the total shunt admittance of this line?
e.What is the total shunt impedance of the line?
l
a. The series resistance of the transmission line is R
A
Ignoring the skin effect, the resistivity of the line at 200 will be 2.857x10-8 .m
and the resistance per kilometer of the line is
l 2.857  10 8
r    2.27  10 5  / m
   0.02 
2
A
R per conductor  r.d  2.27  10 5   30  103   0.682 
Dr.Audih alfaouri 17
 b. The total series inductance of the transmission line is

7 D 7  1.2  6
L  4  10 ln    4 10  ln   1.638 10   m
r   0.02 

Ltotal  L.d  1.638 10
6

   30 103   0.049 H
d. The total series impedance of the transmission line is

Z series  R  jX L  R  j 2 f .L 
 0.682  j 2  60  0.049  0.682  j18.47
c. The total shunt admittance of two conductors of transmission line is

YC  j 2 f .Cab .d ,
 o   8.854 1012
Cab    6.79 1012 F / m
D  1.2 
ln   ln  
r   0.02 
Dr.Audih alfaouri 18
 YC  j 2 f .Cab  j 2  60  (6.794 10 12 )  (30 103 ) 
 j 7.684 105 S
e. The corresponding shunt impedance is

1 1
Z sh   5
  j13.0kΩ
Ysh j 7.684 10

Dr.Audih alfaouri 19
 Typical Properties of some ACSR Conductors
Diameter of each stranded (steel or aluminum)

Number of steel stranded d 2.79

r( of one strand )    1.395
2 2
Number of aluminum a( of one strand )   r 2    1.3952  6.1136
stranded a( of conductor )  no. of stranded  area of one strand 
 6.1136  12  73.4
Dr.Audih alfaouri 20
Dr.Audih alfaouri 21
Dr.Audih alfaouri 22
Conclusion;
1.When spacing between the phases is greater the
capacitance
. is lower,
2.Shunt capacitance of cables is much larger than the
capacitance of overhead lines. Cable lines are normally used
for short transmission lines in urban areas.
3.The greater radius of the conductors in a transmission line,
produce a higher capacitance . Therefore, bundling increases
the capacitance..
4.ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors
are most common used in TL
5.Because ac current tends to flow towards the surface of a
conductor, the resistance of a line at 50 Hz is slightly higher
than at dc.
6.Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small current may
flow through contaminants on insulators.