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Module 6

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning when he found that dogs learned to associate the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus) with a ringing bell (neutral stimulus), causing them to salivate (conditioned response) in response to the bell alone. Classical conditioning plays an important role in many behaviors beyond Pavlov's famous dogs, including emotional responses and drug tolerance.

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41 views

Module 6

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning when he found that dogs learned to associate the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus) with a ringing bell (neutral stimulus), causing them to salivate (conditioned response) in response to the bell alone. Classical conditioning plays an important role in many behaviors beyond Pavlov's famous dogs, including emotional responses and drug tolerance.

Uploaded by

Antonette Arma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 6.

1
Classical Conditioning
Behaviorism
 They insist that psychologists should study
behaviors and not internal states such as intentions
or expectation. Previous events led to the internal
state, and therefore those events are the real causes
of behavior.
Behaviorist’s interest in Learning
 Behaviorists goal is to explain behavior
without relying on terms such as idea or
understanding. Much of invertebrate
behavior can be described in simple
terms, but the greater challenge was to
explain learning.
B.F Skinner
 Burrhus Frederic Skinner is an American
Psychologist, Behaviorist, Author, Inventor &
Social Philosopher.
 He argued that “when you say, “ intend to … “
what you really means is “ I am about to …”
or this behavior is in the preliminary stages of
happening”.
Jacques Loeb
 A German – born American Physiologist & Biologist.
 He observed the caterpillar why this animals tend to fond
of light not because it wants to but because light from the
side causes greater muscle tension and they move it body
towards the light that’s why Loeb’s applied this
explanation why certain animals tend to move toward heat
or cold, toward or away from the water, up or down and
so forth.
Ivan Pavlov
 Russian Psychologist who had won a Noble Prize in Physiology for
his research on digestion, stumbled upon an observation that offered
a simple explanation of learning.
 He discover that teasing a dog with the sight of food produced
salivation that was as predictable and automatic as any reflex and he
called it Condition Reflex.
 Animals are born with Automatic connection called Unconditioned
Reflexes.
 He also discovered Classical Conditioning, the process by which an
association forms between a neutral stimulus (the conditioned
stimulus) and the one that initially evokes a reflexive response (the
unconditioned stimulus). The result is a new response (the
conditioned response) to the conditioned stimulus.
 UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) – an event that
EXAMPLE:
automatically elicits an unconditioned response.
 UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) – is the action
that unconditioned stimulus elicits.
 NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS) – is a stimulus which
initially produces no specific response other than focusing
attention. Example of it is the Metronome.
 CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) – is a previously
neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the
unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a
conditioned response.
 CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) – an automatic
response established by training to an ordinarily neutral
stimulus.
 ACQUISITION – the process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response.
 EXTINCTION – A conditioned response can be extinguished by repeatedly presenting the
conditioned stimulus by itself. Not the same as forgetting.it is also the learning to inhibit it and
does not mean obliteration.
 SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY - If the conditioned stimulus is not presented at all for some
time after extinction and is then presented again, the conditioned response may return. The
return is called spontaneous recovery. And it is a temporary return of an extinguished response
after a delay.
 STIMULUS GENERALIZATION - A conditioned response to a stimulus will extend to other
stimuli to the extent that they resemble the trained stimulus.
 DISCRIMINATION - Animals (including people) learn to respond differently to stimuli that
predict different outcomes. And also training us to enhance our sensitivity to sensory cues.
 DRUG TOLERANCE - Drug tolerance results in part from classical conditioning. The drug
administration procedure comes to evoke defensive responses.
Basis for Classical Conditioning
 Pavlov believed that conditioning occurred because presenting two
stimuli close to each other in time developed a connection between their
brain representations. Later research showed that animals do not treat
the conditioned stimulus as if it were the unconditioned stimulus. Also,
being close in time is not enough. Learning occurs if the first stimulus
predicts the second stimulus.
Classical Conditioning is
more than Drooling Dogs
 Classical conditioning is important for many important
behaviors, ranging from emotional responses to drug
tolerance and it is not a mark of stupidity, it is a way of
responding to relationships among events, a way of
preparing us for what is likely to happen.

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