BASICS OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

Mrs. Suchita Bhovar

Head, Bachelor of Computer Applications
Smt. P. N. Doshi Women’s College
OBJECTIVE
 Define It & ICT
 Data Information

 Concepts used under IT

 Types of Operating System

 Units of Memory

 Concepts of Internet & Network with its types

 Recent Trends / It enables services / careers in IT

INTRODUCTION TO IT / DEFINITION OF
IT
 Great influence all aspects of life
 Used of IT is being enhanced.

“It encompasses all the technologies that we use in order to

create, collect, process, protect and store information. It
refers to hardware, software (computer Programs), and
computer networks”.
DATA & INFORMATION
 Interchangeable
 They are not same

 Data can be any character, text, word, number or raw

facts.
 Information is data formulated in a manner that allows it
be utilized by human beings is some significant way.
NEED OF INFORMATION
 Information is required to take short term & long term
decisions and also to make strategic decisions in an
organization.
 “Information age”

 Mandatory to be a part of our everyday life.

VARIOUS CONCEPTS USED UNDER IT
COMPUTER
 Derived from latin word “Computare” which means to
calculate, to count, to sum up, or to thin together.
 Accept input from the user

 Processes it according to the instructions given to it and

gives the required result in the form of output.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Process data, images, audio, video and graphics.
 A computer performs five major computer operations or
functions irrespective of their size & make
 Accepts data or instructions by way of input.
 Stores data.
 Can process data as required by the user.
 It gives results in the form of output.
 It controls all operations inside a computer.
ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER
 It is a specification detailing of how a set of software and
hardware technology standards interacts to form a
computer system.
 It also refers to how a computer system is designed and
how it works.
 It is 3 basic components
 InputUnit
 Central Processing Unit
 Output Unit
INPUT UNIT
 IT helps users to enter data & commands into a computer
system.
 Data can be in the form of numbers, words, actions,
commands, etc.,
 Main function of input devices is to direct commands
and data into computer.
 Computer then uses its CPU to process data & produce
output.
EXAMPLES ON INPUT DEVICES
 KEYBOARD
 MOUSE

 BARCODE READER

 MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION

(MICR)
 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR)

 TOUCH SCREENS
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 After receiving data & commands from users, computer
system has to process it according to the instructions
provided.
 It has to rely on a component called the Central
Processing Unit.
 CPU has 3 elements:
 ALU (Arithmetic logical Unit)
 Control Unit
 Memory Unit
ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT (ALU)
 This part of the CPU performs arithmetic operations.
 It does basic mathematical calculations like addition,
subtraction, division, multiplication, etc.,
 Further it can perform logical functions like the
comparison of data.
CONTROL UNIT
 This unit is the back bone of computers.
 Responsible for coordinating tasks between all
components of a computer system.
 CU collects data from input units and sends it to
processing units depending on its nature.
 Further, transmits processed data to output units to
facilitate users.
MEMORY UNIT
 Once user enters data using input devices, the computer
system stores this data in it memory unit.
 This data will now remain here until other components
of CPU process it.
 The memory unit uses a set of pre-programmed
instructions to further transmit this data to other parts of
the CPU.
TYPES OF MEMORY UNIT
 Primary Memory:-
 It is internal memory of the computer.
 It is known as main memory
 PM holds the data & instructions on which computer is currently working.
 Types of PM are :- RAM & ROM

 Secondary Memory:-
 IT is external memory of the computer.
 IT is used to store the huge amount of different programs and information
 Devices in SM are:-
 Magnetic (Hard) Disk

 Magnetic Tapes

 Pen Drive

 Flash memory

 Optical Disk ( CD, DVD)

 SSD etc.,
RAM
 RAM:-
 Itstands for Random Access Memory.
 RAM is known as read/write memory.
 Referred as main memory of the computer system
 IT is temporary stored in this memory is lost as the power
supply to the computer is switched off.
 RAM is called “Volatile Memory”
ROM
 Read only memory
 It is permanent type memory

 The content is not lost even if no power off.

 Content of ROM is decided by the computer

manufacturer and permanently stored at the time of
manufacturing.
 ROM cannot be overwritten by the computer.

 It is also called “Non-Volatine”

OUTPUT UNIT
 The 3rd & final Component of a computer system is the
output unit.
 After processing of data, it is converted into a format
which human can understand.
 After conversion, the output unit displays this data to
users.
 Examples:
 Monitors, screens, speakers, printers etc.,
UNITS OF MEMORY
 Computer storage and memory is often measured in
megabytes(mb) & Gigabytes(Gb)
 Bit: It is a binary digit that holds only one of two values:
0 or 1
 Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called, a nibble (1001,
1101,1011)
 Byte: A group of 8 bits is called a byte.
 A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item or
a character. ( 1101 1101, 0011 1100)
CONCEPT OF HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
 HARDWARE:-
 Computer hardware comprises of the physical components
that a computer system requires to function.
 Hardware are the parts which we can see, touch and feel.
 It encompasses with a circuit board that operates within a
personal computer or Laptop;
 Including the motherboard, graphics card, CPU, ventilation
fans, webcam, power supply and so on.
CONCEPT OF HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
 SOFTWARE:-
 A set of instructions given to the computer is known as a
program.
 Program or set of programs are called as software.
 This helps us to interact with the computer in order to
perform a particular task.
 Software is a generic term used to describe computer
programs.
CATEGORIES OF A SOFTWARE:
 Open source software:
 Itrefers to the software which releases code in public domain for
anyone to use.
 The source code can be copied, modified or distributed by other
users and organizations.
 As the software is open to the public, it constantly updates,
improves and expands as more people can work in its improvement.
 Many states are following FOSS policy (Free Open Source
Software Policy and it enabled them to save some million of rupees
each year in licensing costs.
 (that is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the
software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that
people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the
software)
CATEGORIES OF A SOFTWARE:
Closed source software:
 It is opposite to Open Source Software and means that
the software is used by the proprietary and has a closely
guarded code.
 Only the original authors of organization of software
can access, copy and alter that software.
 In case of closed source software, user has to purchase
the software before using it.
 Two types of software:-
 ApplicationSoftware
 System Software
COMPUTER SOFTWARE CLASSIFIED
BASED IN ITS UTILITY
 Application Software:
 Application software is a program or group of programs
designed for end users.
 Applications software (also called end-users programs)
 Viz., programs like database programs, word processors, web
browsers, presentation software, spreadsheets etc.,
COMPUTER SOFTWARE CLASSIFIED
BASED IN ITS UTILITY
 System Software:
 System Software is a set of instructions required for a
computer to work.
 For example, Linux Operating system is a program that
allows different applications and various components of
hardware such as monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard etc., to
communicate with each other.
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING
SYSTEM
 A computer would not be able to function correctly
without an operating system.
 An operating system is a software program that
empowers the computer hardware to communicate and
operate with the computer software.
 The operating system boots up the computer and makes
sure that everything is operational.
 It is necessary to use licensed operating system and not a
copied or a pirated one.
 There are many open source operating systems available
on the web which are freely downloaded.
OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL
COMPUTERS:
 DOS: Disk Operating System was the dominant operating
system for microcomputers in the 1980’s and the early
1990’s. it had commands using the command prompt
window.
 WINDOWS: series f operating system that are designed by
Microsoft. Windows is the most commonly used operating
system.
 MAC OS: Apple Corporation’s registered operating system
is called Mac OS.
 CHROME OS: Chrome OS is an open-source operating
system created by Google to create a better computing
experience for people who spend most of their time on the
web.
OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL
COMPUTERS:
 CHROME OS: Chrome OS is an open-source operating
system created by Google to create a better computing
experience for people who spend most of their time on
the web.
 UNIX: Unix was trademarked in 1969 by a group of
AT&T employees at Bell Labs as a multitasking, and
multi-user computer operating system.
 LINUX: Linux is open-source, portable multi-user,
multiprogramming, operating system. It is very similar
to other operating system, such as windows and a source
code is available to the public.
OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE
PHONES:
 ANDROID : Free and open source O/S
 Provided with google
 Most popular

ASHA: used by NOKIA phones (closed source OS)

BLACKBERRY: closed source o/s for smartphone and tablets.
iOS: Apple closed source o/s for Apple iPhone, iPod Touch .
Windows Phone: Windows Phone is developed by Microsoft as
a closed source operating system for mobile phones.
COMPUTER NETWORK
 It is a group of interconnected computers or devices to
have communication within themselves.
 A computer network consists of a collection of
computers, printers and other equipment that is
connected together so that they can communicate with
each other.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
 NETWORK BASED ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL
AREA
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
 Covers smaller geographical area.
 Privately owned

 Limited usage area (office bldg,

home, hospital, schools, etc.,)
 Covers short distance so error and
noise are minimized
 LAN is easy to setup

 Data transmit is fast

 Less expensive
MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)
 MAN is used larger area
 It connects 2 or more separate
computers that reside in the
same or different cities.
 It covers large geographical
area and may serve as an
ISP(Internet Service Provider)
 It is hard to design ad maintain
a MAN.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
 WAN is a computer network that
extends over a large geographical
area.
 It might be confined within the
bounds of a state or country.
 Technology is of high speed and
expensive.
 Communication medium used for
WAN is Telephone Network or
Satellite Link.
 Due to long distance transmission,
the noise and error tends to be
more in WAN.
NETWORK CONFIGURATION
 It is design of computer network
 It is a framework for the specification of a network’s
physical components and their functional organization
and configuration.
 Peer-to –peer Architecture
 Client-server Architecture
PEER-TO-PEER ARCHITECTURE
 All the machines are called peers
 Have same status and they can communicate with each
other.
 It has no dedicated servers.

 For small network

 Eg: sharing of files through shareit, bluetooth.

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
 Suitable for larger network.
 So two types of machines – client & server

 Client:
 A computer which is seeking any resource from another
computer is a client computer.
 Eg: downloading an image file from website, browsing
Intranet/Internet etc.,
 The network user normally uses a client computer to perform
his day to day work.
CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
 Server:
 Is ccmputer has resources which is served to another
computer, it is a server computer.
 The client establishes a connection to a server and accesses
the services installed on the server.
 A server is not meant for a network user to brower in internet
or do spreadsheet work.
 Eg:- Multimedia server, File storage servers, Webservers etc.,
INTERNET
 Internet means connecting computer to any other
computer anywhere in the world.
 Internet is the highway of information.

 The Internet has one very simple job:

 To move computerized information (known as data) from one
place to another.
 It is defined as global network connecting millions of
computers.
 Internet is massive network of networks, a networking
infrastructure.
 It provides strong connection or network between computers
globally, bringing people and their working close to each
other.
HISTORY OF INTERNET
 Prototype of the internet came in the late 1960’s with the
creation of ARPANET (ADVANCED RESEARCH
PROJECTS AGENCY NETWORK)
 Originally funded by the US Department of Defense.

 ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple

computers to communicate on a single network.
 Technology continued to grow in the 1970’s after
scientists ROBERT KAHN and VINTON CERF
developed Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP/IP, a
communications model that set standards for how data
could be transmitted between multiple network.
HISTORY OF INTERNET
 ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983.
 Researchers began to assemble the “network of
networks” that became the modern network.
 Tim-Berners Lee invented the world wide web (WWW).
PROTOCOLS
 A Protocols is a set of rules that governs the
communications between computers on a network.
 In order to have 2 computers to talk to each other, they
must be speaking the same language.
Example of Protocols are:-
 TCP/IP:- Transmission Control Protocol & Internet
Protocol. It breaks down the message into packets and
sends them out into the network.
PROTOCOLS
 DNS: Domain Name System. It translates network
address. (such as IP addresses) into terms understood by
humans (such as Domain Names) and vice-versa.
 DHCP:- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It can
automatically assign internet addresses to computers and
users.
 FTP:- File Transfer Protocol. A protocol that is used to
transfer and manipulate files on the internet.
 HTTP:- HyperText Transfer Protocol-An internet-based
protocol for sending and receiving web pages.
PROTOCOLS
 IMAP:- Internet Message Access Protocol – A protocol
for receiving e-mail message from server on the Internet.
It maintains a copy of all the emails on server. We can
sort, filter emails.
 IRC:-Internet Relay Chat – A Protocol used for Internet
chat and other communications. It facilitates
communication in the form of text.
 POP3:- Post Office Protocol versions 3 – A protocol used
for receiving e-mail from remote mail servers. It does
not maintain copy on the server.
 SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – A protocol for
sending email message to the server on the Internet.
IT ENABLES SERVICES
 IT Enables Services (ITES), also called web enables
services or remote services or tele-working, covers the
entire amount of operations which exploit IT for
improving efficiency of an organization.
 The most important aspect is the value addition of IT
Enables Service.
 The value addition could be in the form of Customer
relationship management, improved database, improves
look and feel, etc.,
 The outcome of an IT Enables Service is in two forms:
 Direct Improved Service.
 Indirect Benefits
POPULAR IT ENABLES SERVICES
CENTERS:
 Call centers
 Electronic Publishing

 Medical Transcription

 Data Centers

 GIS Mapping (Geographic Information System)

 ERP ( Enterprise Resource Planning)

 Knowledge Management & archiving.

CAREERS IN IT
 Various career opportunities are available for IT professions.
These vary from operator to specialized skilled programmers.
 Some of the career opportunities are as follows:
 Web Designer and Developer: One can develop interactive
websites using knowledge of HTML, PHP and various other
programming language.
 Software Developer: It is possible to have career as a software
developer with the scripting skills.
 Database Manager: After getting knowledge about database
management one can work as a Database Manger with the help of
SQL skills.
 Information Security Analyst: ISA are responsible for ensuring that
networks are watertight. The educate staff to avoid unintended
disclosures and keep up to speed with potential external threats.
CAREERS IN IT
 Professional Accountant: using computerized accounting
software one can successfully handle accounting work of any
small or large scale organization.
 Financial Advisor: After getting IT knowledge one can advise
and guide others in investing the money in various
investment schemes with their calculation and benefits in
future.
 Cyber Advisor: Anyone can develop his or her career as a
cyber advisor.
 Animator: This is the most demanding career in today’s era.
It is possible to become a successful animator using one’s
own creation and innovation with the help of software like
GIMP, Inkscape etc.
CAREERS IN IT
 Games developer: Perhaps one of the trendiest and most fun
jobs in the sector, a games developer gets to work on titles for
consoles, computers, smart phones, tablets and online. Ability
to work in a highly pressurized environment is also crucial.
 Audio/Video Editor: As a career opportunity, to become an
audio/video editor, one should be good in tools such as
Kdenlive, audacity
RECENT TRENDS IN IT
 GREEN COMPUTING:
 Itis the study and practice of environmentally sustainable
computing or IT.
 Green computing is used to reduce the use of hazardous
materials.
 To maximize energy efficiency during the product’s lifetime.
 To recycle or biodegradation of non-functional products and
factory waste.
 Green Computing is important for all classes of systems, ranging
from handheld systems to large-scale data centers.
RECENT TRENDS IN IT
 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT):
 The IOT is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliance, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables
these things to connect, collect and exchange data.
CLOUD COMPUTING:
In the delivery of computing services – servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, data analytics ad more- over
the internet.
DATA ANALYTICS (DA): It is the process of examining data
sets in order to draw conclusions about the information they
contain, increasingly with the help of specialized systems and
software.
RECENT TRENDS IN IT
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: It is intelligence
demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural
intelligence displayed by humans and other animals.
 MACHINE LEARNING: It is the scientific study of
algorithms and statistical models that computer systems
use to effectively perform a specific task without using
explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference
instead. It is the subset of artificial intelligence
RECENT TRENDS IN IT
BIG DATA: It refers to data sets that are too large or
complex for traditional data-processing application
software to adequately deal with.
BLOCK CHAIN: It is growing list of records, called
blocks, which are linked using cryptography. It can be
defined as a distributed, decentralized public ledger.
INTRODUCTION TO GNU/LINUX
 GNU/LINUX is a family of operating systems that are
created by various companies, organizations and
individuals.
 It is created by using Free Software Philosophies.

 This means that GNU/Linux operating systems are

usually free of charge, free to distribute, and they are
open source.
 It allows the user to program their own features, or fix
problems, and help the developers.
 GNU/Linux is used as the predominantly backbone of
the Internet.
UBUNTU is one of the most popular
GNU/Linux distribution.
There are two main ways to interact
with the computer:
GUI (Graphical User Interface)
CLI (Command Line Interface)
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE(GUI)
 GUI is when the user interacts with the computer using images, icons, and
dialog boxes.
 GUI is also called GNOME.
 Installing new software on Ubuntu is done using the Ubuntu Software
Center.
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI)
 The command line interface is when user interacts with
the computer using text.
 This is done by typing commands into a terminal.

 The default CLI on Ubuntu 18.04 is called “bash”.

 It is command processor that runs in a text window

where the user types commands that causes actions.
 There are number of different commands that user can
use.
GNU/LINUX FILE SYSTEM HIERARCHY
STANDARD
 The top most directory is called the root directory, and it
is written as /.
 All directories are stored under the root directory.

 For example if the user is ABC, the home directory will

be created ar /home/ABC.
 Everything in linux is represented as a file, this includes
cameras, storage devices. Microphones, network
devices, etc.,
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FILE SYSTEM
File name Description
/ Root directory. All files and directories are stored
under this directory, including all hard drives, pen
drives, CD-Drives, etc.,
/bin Essential system programs are stored here
/dev All connected devices are stored here. Including
internal devices, temperature sensors, and batteries.

/etc System configuration files are stored her

/proc Files that provides information about processes. This
is information like, how much RAM is free, or how
fast the CPUs are running.
/tmp Temporary files are stored here
/home Users home directories are stored here
WHY LEARN & USE GNU/LINUX
 Linux is free and open source
 Linux operating system is free from viruses

 Easy to keep all the software up-to-date

 Linux is flexible and easily customizable

 Excellent support