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W01a Chap 1 Intro To Eng Calc

1) It discusses key concepts such as dimensions, units, systems of units, base units, derived units, and the importance of using consistent units. 2) It provides examples of converting between units using conversion factors and dimensional analysis. 3) Key learning outcomes include being able to convert between units of mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and force.

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Sasmilah Kandsamy
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77 views29 pages

W01a Chap 1 Intro To Eng Calc

1) It discusses key concepts such as dimensions, units, systems of units, base units, derived units, and the importance of using consistent units. 2) It provides examples of converting between units using conversion factors and dimensional analysis. 3) Key learning outcomes include being able to convert between units of mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and force.

Uploaded by

Sasmilah Kandsamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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+

BKF2343
MATERIAL AND ENERGY
BALANCE

Sem II
2016/2017

Chapter 1
Introduction to Engineering
Calculation
1
+ What are in this lesson?

Introduction to Engineering
Calculation

Units & Systems of Conversion


Dimensions Units of Units
+ Learning outcome
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Convert one set of units in a function or equation into another equivalent


set for mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and force using
conversion factor tables.
+
Units and Dimensions
 Dimensions are:
 Properties that can be measured such as length, time, mass,
temperature.
 Properties that can be calculated by multiplying or dividing
other dimensions, such as velocity (length/time), volume
(length x length x length), density (mass/volume).
 Units are used for expressing the dimensions such as feet (ft)
or meter (m) for length, hours/seconds (hr/s) for time.
 Contain significant amount of information
+ Systems of Units
Components of a system of units:
 Base units - units for the dimensions of mass, length, time,
temperature, electrical current, and light intensity.
 Multiple units- multiple or fractions of base unit. E.g.: for time
can be hours, millisecond, year, etc.
 Derived units - units that are obtained in one or two ways;

a) By multiplying and dividing base units; also referred to as


compound units.
 Example.: ft/min (velocity), cm2(area), kg.m/s2 (force)

b) As defined equivalent of compound unit. (Newton = 1 kg.m/s2)


+
Importance of Unit
 -why do we need to learn this?

Metric mishap caused loss of NASA orbiter


September 23, 1999

By Robin Lloyd
CNN Interactive Senior Writer

(CNN) -- NASA lost a $125 million Mars


orbiter because a Lockheed Martin
Engineering Team used English units of
measurement while the agency's team used
the conventional metric system for a key
spacecraft operation, according to a review
finding released Thursday.
+ Base Units

Base Units

Standard
American Centimetre Gram
International
Engineering Second
System
System (CGS System)
(SI System)
+ Base Units

Standard
American Centimetre Gram
International
Dimension Engineering Second
System
System (CGS System)
(SI System)

Length meter, m foot, ft centimeter, cm

Mass kilogram, kg pound-mass, lbm gram, g

gram-mole, pound-mole, gram-mole,


Moles
mole lb-mole mole

Time second, s second, s second, s

Temperature Kelvin, k Rankine, R Kelvin, K


+
Multiple Units: SI

Prefix Factor
tera (T) 10 12
giga (G) 10 9
mega (M) 10 6
kilo (k) 10 3
centi (c) 10 -2
milli (m) 10 -3
micro (μ) 10 -6
nano (n) 10 -9
+ Derived Units: SI
Dimensions Unit Symbol Equivalent to the Base Unit

Volume Liter L 0.001 m3 = 1000 cm3

Newton (SI) 1 kg m s-2


Force N
Dyne (CGS) 1 g cm s-2

Pressure Pascal Pa 1 N m-2

Joule J 1 N m = 1 kg m2 s-2
Energy/ Work
Calorie cal 4.184 J = 4.184 kg m2 s-2

Power Watt W 1 J s-1 = 1 kg.m2 s-3


+ 11

Dimensional Homegeneity
When adding or subtracting values, the units of each value must be
similar to be valid.
+ 12

Dimensional Homegeneity
 Multiplication and division can be done on quantities with
unlike units.
 But the units can only be cancelled if they are identical.
+
Think ?
 Answer the following questions YES or NO. Can you
a) Divide ft by s?
 YES
b) Divide m by cm?
 YES
c) Multiply ft by s?
 YES
d) Divide ft by cm?
 YES
e) Add ft and s?
 NO
f) Subtract m and (deg) K?
 NO
g) Add cm and m2?
 NO
h) Add 1 and 2 cm?
 NO
+
Conversion of Units
 A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units
having the appropriate dimension.
 To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to equivalent
in terms of another unit, multiply the given quantity by the
conversion factor.
 Conversion factor – a ratio of equivalent values of a quantity
expressed in different units.
 Let say to convert 36 mg to gram

36 mg 1g = 0.036 g
  1000 mg 0.001 is a
conversion
factor
+ Conversion of Units 15

SMS2011
+ Dimensional Equation

 To convert a quantity with a unit to its equivalent in


term of other units, set up a dimensional equation:
a) Write the given quantity and units on left
b) Write the units of conversion factors that cancel the old
unit and replace them with the desired unit
c) Fill the value of the conversion factors
d) Carry out the arithmetic to find the value
+ Exercise: Dimensional Equation
• Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
+ Exercise: Dimensional Equation
• Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2

1 cm s2 h2 day2 m km
s2 h2 day2 yr2 cm m

1 cm 36002 242 h2 3652 1m 1 km


s2 day2
s2 12 h2 12 day2 12 yr2 100 cm 1000 m

36002 x 242 x 3652 km


= 9.95 x 109 km/ yr 2
100 x 1000 yr2
+ Exercise: Dimensional Equation

• Convert 4 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3


+ Exercise: Dimensional Equation

• Convert 4 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3

4 kg m3 lbm
m3 ft3 kg

4 kg 0.028317 m3 1 lbm
m3 1 ft3 0.453593 kg

4 x 0.028317 x 1 lbm
= 0.2497 lbm/ft3
1x 0.453593 ft3
+ Exercise: Dimensional Equation

 Convert 8 mm2 to in2?


+ 22

Exercise
 Convert 23 lbm ft/min2 to kg cm/s2
+ Force and Weight
Force is proportional to product of mass and acceleration (i.e. F = m
× a)
Usually defined using derived units. Conversion factor:
1 kg m s-2 = 1 Newton (N)
1 g cm s-2 = 1 dyne
32.174 Ibm ft s-2 = 1 lbf

Weight of an object is the product of mass and gravitational


attraction of the earth, g. (i.e. W= m × g) 9.8066 m
s-2

Value
of g

32.174 ft 980.66
s-2 cm s-2
+Exercise
Given the density of 2 ft3 water is 62.4 lbm/ft3. At the sea
level, the gravitational acceleration is 32.174 ft/s2. What is
the weight of the water in lbf?

(Answer: 124.8 lbf)


+ 25

Exercise
Liquid water is fed into an evaporation chamber at a
volumetric flow rate of 20 cm3/min. Calculate the feed in
molar flow rate (mol/min).

Density of water, ρH2O (liq) = 1.00 g/cm3


= 1000 kg/m3
= 62.4 lbm/ft3

(Answer: 1.11 mol/min)


+ 26

Exercise
Water enters a 2.00 m3 tank at a rate of 6.00 kg/s. The tank is initially
half-full. How long will the tank take to become full.

(Answer:166.7 s)
+ 27

DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITIES
 A dimensionless quantity can be a pure number or a multiplicative
combination of variables with no net dimensions.
 Example 1: Reynolds number (combination of variables with no net
dimensions.)
+ 28

DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITIES
 Example 2: (a pure number)

Exponents (2 in x2)
Transcendental function (log, exp (e), sin)
Arguments of transcendental function (x in sin x)
+ 29

Exercise:

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