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Lecture 3

The document discusses numerical methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) including the finite difference method (FDM) and finite volume method (FVM). It provides examples of applying FDM and FVM to the diffusion/heat equation. For FDM, it shows discretizing the PDE around a nodal point to derive the finite difference expression. For FVM, it explains integrating the PDE over a control volume and applying approximations to derive the algebraic equation for each node. Worked examples are presented for 1D steady heat conduction with and without sources using FVM discretization.

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biruk1
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45 views

Lecture 3

The document discusses numerical methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) including the finite difference method (FDM) and finite volume method (FVM). It provides examples of applying FDM and FVM to the diffusion/heat equation. For FDM, it shows discretizing the PDE around a nodal point to derive the finite difference expression. For FVM, it explains integrating the PDE over a control volume and applying approximations to derive the algebraic equation for each node. Worked examples are presented for 1D steady heat conduction with and without sources using FVM discretization.

Uploaded by

biruk1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced CFD

Lecture 3
Examples on finite difference method

• Consider the pure diffussion equation:

• Steps
• dividing the geometric domain into discrete nodal
points( example W,P and E are three nodal points.
• the discretization process is to discretize the
diffusion equation around the nodal point P.
 derive a suitable expression for the finite-
difference method,
Cont’d

• By applying the central differencing of the


first-order derivative equation, and the
second-order derivative equation, the
discretized form of the diffusion eqn given is
obtained as
Cont’d
• After some rearrangement, the previous eqn
is alternatively written as

• Identifying the coefficients of φE and φW in the above


equation as coefficient of aE as aW, and the
coefficient of φP as aP
Finite volume method example
• Apply the FVM for pure diffusion equation

• Steps
Cont’d
A schematic representation of a control volume
around node P in a one-dimensional domain
using the finite-volume method.
• apply the finite-volume discretization method
mentioned in the previous slide ,

• Here, the projected areas A xi for the one-


dimensional case are given by

=
Cont’d
• The source term is approximated as

• where Sφ is assumed to be constant within


ΔV,

• The final form of the discretized equation


becomes
Cont’d
• approximations to the diffusive fluxes at the
west and east faces by piece wise linear
approximation gives

• Substitution the above eqns in previous eqn


gives:
Cont’d
• It states that the difference between the
diffusive fluxes of φ at the east and west faces
of the control volume equal the generation of
φ, and it constitutes a balance equation for φ
over the control volume.
• Rearranging gives
• by identifying the coefficients of φE and φW in
the above Eq. as aE and aW and the coefficient
of φP as aP, the algebraic form can be written
Worked examples
• Consider the problem of source-free heat
conduction in an insulated rod whose ends are
maintained at constant temperatures of 100°C and
500°C respectively. The one-dimensional steady
heat conduction problem sketched is governed by

• Calculate the steady state temperature distribution


in the rod. Thermal conductivity K equals 1000
W/m.K, cross-sectional area A is 10 × 10−3 m2.
• Solution:Let us divide the length of the rod into
five equal control volumes

• The grid consists of five nodes. For each one of


nodes 2, 3 and 4 temperature values to the east
and west are available as nodal values.
• Using the already discretised equations of the
diffusion eqn written for control volumes
(FVM) surrounding these nodes:

• The thermal conductivity (ke = kw = k), node


spacing (δx) and cross-sectional area (Ae = Aw
= A) are constants.
• Therefore the discretised equation for nodal
points 2, 3 and 4 is

• The source term is zero in the governing eqn


• Nodes 1 and 5 are boundary nodes, and therefore require special
attention.
• Integration of the given governing equation over the control
volume surrounding point 1 gives

• Rearranging the above eqn gives

• This expression shows that the flux through control volume


boundary A has been approximated by assuming a linear
relationship between temperatures at boundary point A and
node P.
• The control volume surrounding node 5 can be
treated in a similar manner.Its discretised
equation is given by

• As before we assume a linear temperature


distribution between node P and boundary
point B to approximate the heat flux through
the control volume boundary.
• The resulting set of algebraic equations for
this example is

• This set of equations can be rearranged as


Example 2: steady 1-D heat conduction with source term

• Now we discuss a problem that includes sources


other than those arising from boundary conditions.
Consider a large plate of thickness L = 2 cm with
constant thermal conductivity k = 0.5 W/m.K and
uniform heat generation q = 1000 kW/m3. The faces
A and B are at temperatures of 100°C and 200°C
respectively.
• The governing equation of the problem is given by
assuming that temperature gradients are significant in the
x-direction only

• The computational grid is given below

• Formal integration of the governing equation over a


control volume gives
• The source term of the equation, is evaluated
_
by
calculating the average generation S V  qV
within each control volume.

_
S  V  q V

Rearranging gives
• The general form of the eqn

• The above genral form of the eqn can be


applied for nodes 2,3 and 4 and applying
direct integration for node 1 and 5 gives:
• Node 1

• Introduction of the linear approximation for


temperatures between A and P yields

• The above equation can be rearranged, using ke = kA


= k, to yield the discretised equation for boundary
node 1:
• Node 5
• Substitution of numerical values for A = 1, k =
0.5 W/m.K, q = 1000 kW/m3 and δx = 0.004 m
everywhere gives the coefficients of the
discretised equations summarised in the Table
given below
Example 3:conduction convection heat
transfer by a fin(extended surface)
• The cooling of a circular fin by means of convective
heat transfer along its length. Convection gives rise
to a temperature-dependent heat loss or sink term in
the governing equation.
• The base is at a temperature of 100°C (TB) and the
end is insulated. The fin is exposed to an ambient
temperature of 20°C. One dimensional heat transfer
in this situation is governed by:
• Calculate the temperature distribution along
the fin and compare the results with the
analytical solution given by

• The governing eqn can be rewritten as


d  dT  2
   n  T  T   0
• Where n2=hP/KA dx  dx 
• The first step in solving the problem by the
finite volume method is to set up a grid.
• Applying CVM ,direct integration over the CV gives

• Introducing the usual linear approximations for the


temperature gradient and Subsequent division by
cross-sectional area A gives

• Rearranging the above eqn


• For interior nodal points 2, 3 and 4,the above eqn is
used to change the PDE to algebraic eqn
• We apply direct integration of the governing eqn for
boundary nodes 1and 5
• Node 1:

• Node 5:At node 5 the flux across the east boundary is


zero since the east side of the control volume is an
insulated boundary:
• Substituting numerical values gives
• Comparison with the analytical solution
• The numerical solution can be improved by
employing a finer grid.(the computational
domain is divided into 10 CVs instead of 5 CVs

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