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Advanced CFD: DR Tegegn Dejene

The document discusses discretization methods for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) governing equations. It covers the finite difference method and finite volume method. For finite difference, it describes how Taylor series expansions are used to derive finite difference approximations of partial derivatives in the governing equations. For finite volume, it explains how the method discretizes the integral form of conservation equations over control volumes and uses surface integrals and Gauss's theorem. Key advantages of finite volume include its flexibility to model complex geometries with unstructured meshes.

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57 views23 pages

Advanced CFD: DR Tegegn Dejene

The document discusses discretization methods for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) governing equations. It covers the finite difference method and finite volume method. For finite difference, it describes how Taylor series expansions are used to derive finite difference approximations of partial derivatives in the governing equations. For finite volume, it explains how the method discretizes the integral form of conservation equations over control volumes and uses surface integrals and Gauss's theorem. Key advantages of finite volume include its flexibility to model complex geometries with unstructured meshes.

Uploaded by

biruk1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced CFD

Lecture 2
Dr Tegegn Dejene
DISCRETIZATION OF GOVERNING EQUATIONS

• Finite Difference method


 At each nodal point of the grid used to describe the
fluid-flow domain, the Taylor series expansions are
used to generate finite difference approximations to
the partial derivatives of the governing equations.
• These derivatives, replaced by finite-difference
approximations, yield an algebraic equation for the
flow solution at each grid point.
• In principle, the finite-difference method can be
applied to any type of grid system(structured grid with
high degree of regularity).
Steps
• In principle, the finite-difference method
can be applied to any type of grid system.
• The starting point for the representation of
the partial derivatives in the governing
equations is the Taylor series expansion.
• replacing the partial derivative with a
suitable algebraic difference quotient—a
finite difference.
Cont’d

The spacing of Δx or
Δy need not necessarily be
uniform.

One-dimensional and two-dimensional uniformly distributed Cartesian grids for the


Finite-difference method (full symbols denote boundary nodes and open symbols
denote computational
nodes).
Cont’d
• Referring to the previous computational grid
flow-field variable φ, then the variable at
• point (i+1, j) can be expressed in terms of a
Taylor series expanded about the point (i, j) as

• Similarly, the variable at point (i -1, j) can also be


expressed in terms of a Taylor series about
points (i, j) as
Cont’d
• By subtracting the two equations, we obtain the
approximation for the first-order derivative of φ:

• The info used to form the FD quotient comes from both sides
of the grid pt at (I,j)
• The term O(Δxn) signifies the truncation error of the finite-
difference approximation, which measures the accuracy of
the approximation and determines the rate at which the error
decreases as the spacing between points is reduced.
Cont’d
• Truncation error tells what is being
neglected in this approximation
• It is also possible to form other
expressions for the first order derivative
Cont’d
• Both of these finite-difference
approximations are only first-order accurate.
• It is expected that they will be less accurate
in comparison to the central difference for a
given value of Δx.
• In most applications in CFD,first order
accurate is not sufficient.
• First order derivatives is used for Euler
equation of fluid flow
Cont’d
Cont’d
Cont’d
• The second-order derivative can also be obtained through
the Taylor series expansion, as was applied to approximate
the first-order derivative.

• This equation is obtained by adding the two equations of


the Taylor’s series expansion at points i-1,j and i+1,j of i,j.

• This equation represents the central finite-difference for the


second-order derivative with respect to x evaluated at the
point (i, j). The approximation is second-order accurate.
Finite approximation for the first-order time derivative.
Finite-Volume Method

• The finite-volume method discretizes the integral


form of the conservation equations directly in
physical space.
• The computational domain is subdivided into a finite
number of contiguous control volumes, where the
resulting statements express the exact conservation
of relevant properties for each of the control
volumes.
• At the centroid of each of the control volumes, the
variable values are calculated.
• Interpolation is used to express variable values at
the surface of the control value
Advantages of FVM
• The finite-volume method has more advantages than
disadvantages.
• One important feature of the method is that a “finite-
element” type mesh can be used; the mesh can be formed
by the combination of triangles or quadrilaterals in the
case of two dimensions or tetrahedra and hexahedra in
three dimensions.
• This type of unstructured mesh offers greater flexibility for
handling complex geometries.
• Another attractive feature is that the method requires no
transformation of the equations in terms of a body-fitted
coordinate system, as is required in the finite-difference
method.
Cont’d
• The cornerstone of the finite-volume method is the control
volume integration.
• In a control volume, the bounding surface areas of the
element are directly linked to the discretization of the first-
and second-order derivatives for φ (the generic flow-field
variable.
• By applying Gauss’s divergence theorem to the volume
integral, the first order derivative of f in two dimensions,
can be approximated by:

• where φi represents the variable values at the elemental


surfaces and N denotes the number of bounding surfaces
on the elemental volume.
Cont’d

• For a quadrilateral element in two dimensions


with structured mesh, as seen in Figure , N has
the value of four, since there are four bounding
surfaces of the element
• In three dimensions, for a hexagonal element,N
becomes six.
• Similarly, the first-order derivative for φ in the y
direction is obtained in exactly the same fashion,
which can be written as
Cont’d
Example

• Consider the conservation of mass equation


and determine the discretized form of the two-
dimensional continuity equation,
by the finite volume method in a structured
uniform grid arrangement.
Cont’d
Cont’d
Cont’d
Summary
• There are two major advantages that the finite-
volume method holds over the finite-difference
method.
• First, it has good conservation properties from
the physical viewpoint, and
• second, it allows the accommodation of
complicated physical domains to be discretized
in a simpler way, rather than requiring the
transformation of the equation to generalized
coordinates in the computational domain.
Second order derivative discritization in FVM
• The second-order derivative along the x
direction, for example, the diffusion terms
represented of N-S equation can be evaluated
by:

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