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    The Chemical World: Introductory Chemistry, 3

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    1) The chapter introduces chemistry and the scientific method. It discusses how scientists make observations and form hypotheses, then test their hypotheses through experimentation to develop theories. 2) A key example is Lavoisier's experiments on combustion, which disproved the phlogiston theory and laid the foundations for modern chemistry through careful quantitative measurements and the development of a new oxygen theory of combustion. 3) The chapter emphasizes the importance of measurement, quantification, and reproducibility in scientific experimentation for developing an understanding of nature.

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    The Chemical World: Introductory Chemistry, 3

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    farooq_bagban
    208 views20 pages
    1) The chapter introduces chemistry and the scientific method. It discusses how scientists make observations and form hypotheses, then test their hypotheses through experimentation to develop theories. 2) A key example is Lavoisier's experiments on combustion, which disproved the phlogiston theory and laid the foundations for modern chemistry through careful quantitative measurements and the development of a new oxygen theory of combustion. 3) The chapter emphasizes the importance of measurement, quantification, and reproducibility in scientific experimentation for developing an understanding of nature.

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    1) The chapter introduces chemistry and the scientific method. It discusses how scientists make observations and form hypotheses, then test their hypotheses through experimentation to develop theories. 2) A key example is Lavoisier's experiments on combustion, which disproved the phlogiston theory and laid the foundations for modern chemistry through careful quantitative measurements and the development of a new oxygen theory of combustion. 3) The chapter emphasizes the importance of measurement, quantification, and reproducibility in scientific experimentation for developing an understanding of nature.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    208 views20 pages

    The Chemical World: Introductory Chemistry, 3

    Uploaded by

    farooq_bagban
    1) The chapter introduces chemistry and the scientific method. It discusses how scientists make observations and form hypotheses, then test their hypotheses through experimentation to develop theories. 2) A key example is Lavoisier's experiments on combustion, which disproved the phlogiston theory and laid the foundations for modern chemistry through careful quantitative measurements and the development of a new oxygen theory of combustion. 3) The chapter emphasizes the importance of measurement, quantification, and reproducibility in scientific experimentation for developing an understanding of nature.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Introductory Chemistry, 3rd Edition

    Nivaldo Tro

    Chapter 1
    The Chemical
    World

    Roy Kennedy
    Massachusetts Bay Community College
    Wellesley Hills, MA
    2009, Prentice Hall
    What Is Chemistry?
    • Observation: is sand different than water
    • Test the similarities and differences between
    sand and water.
    Composition
    Types & number of atoms, structure,
    Properties
    Chemical: how hot, how fast
    Physical: size, ability to loose/gain electrons

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 2


    Chapter 1
    Structure Determines Properties
    • Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms and
    molecules.
    • Chemists study these particles, looking at the kinds,
    numbers, structure, size which produce varying
    chemical and physical properties.

    3
    The Scientific Method
    • Humans are by nature curious.
    • Have you ever heard a 3 year old repeatedly ask
    “why?”
    • Science is just exploring nature.
    • A scientists is just a person exploring.
    • You begin to organize your thoughts into
    Observation, you group those observations into
    Hypotheses, using Experimentation, and
    formulate Laws or Theories.
    4
    Why Aren’t the Philosophers
    Considered Scientists
    Philosophers: Scientists:
    • Observe nature. • Observe nature.
    • Explain the behavior of • Explain the behavior of
    nature. nature.
    • Communicate and • Communicate and
    debate ideas with other debate ideas with other
    philosophers. scientists.
    • Truth is revealed • Truth is revealed
    through logic and through
    debate. experimentation.
    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 5
    Chapter 1
    Observation
    • Acquiring information or data

    • Some observations are simple


    descriptions
     “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown
    color and a sweet taste. Bubbles are seen
    floating up through it.”

    • Some observations compare a


    characteristic.
     “A 240-mL serving of soda pop contains
    27 g of sugar.”

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 6


    Chapter 1
    Hypothesis
    • Looking at your observations you come up
    with:
    The sweetness of soda pop is due to the presence of
    Sugar or
    Aluminum

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 7


    Chapter 1
    Experiments
    • Test your hypotheses with a taste test: sugar and
    aluminum.

    Theory
    • Sugar is sweet

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 8


    Chapter 1
    Laws
    • Typically a fact of nature, often a math
    constant/number and unit.
    Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a chemical
    reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”
    Speed of Light, E = mc2, Dalton’s Gas Law,
    Universal Gas Constant, etc…
    • Unlike California State laws, you cannot
    choose to violate a scientific law 

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 9


    Chapter 1
    Theories
    • Explains how nature behaves.
    Newton’s Gravitational Theory: how an apple falls
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory: atoms look like…
    Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: we always change
    Einstein's Theory of Relativity: light is constant
    • Used to predict future observations.

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 10


    Chapter 1
    What’s the Difference Between a
    Law and a Theory?

    • Laws: Very specific, “What will happen”


    often expressed in mathematical equations.
    • Theories: Very general, “Why it will
    happen,” often includes many “Laws”

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 11


    Chapter 1
    Do we need science?
    A history lesson in science
    • A key feature of science are it’s experiments
    • Experiments must be duplicated by other’s!!!
    • Galileo (1564 - 1642) and Newton (1642 -
    1727) worked on physics, the first Scientists
    • Lavoisier is first to use the scientific method on
    objects/nature on things that could not be
    “Seen”
    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 12
    Chapter 1
    What causes Burning?
    Phlogiston Theory
    The mid-1700s theory of how wood or coal burned,
    referred to as combustion.
    • Wood and coal contained a substances called
    phlogiston.
    • When a substance burned it released all or some
    of its phlogiston into the air .

    13
    Problems with Phlogiston Theory
    • When pure metals burn they should weigh
    less (turns into calx)…however, metals
    always weigh more when burned, that is the
    clax always weighed more than the metal.
    • The reverse experiment: If calx is heated, it
    should remove phlogiston from the air be
    converted back to the metal…however the
    Burning Lens experiment by Lavoisier
    observed “fixed air” being released back
    into the air.
    14
    The Great Burning Lens: Trying
    to Find Phlogiston - ultimately it
    was discredited

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 15


    Chapter 1
    A Better Theory of Combustion
    • Lavoisier purchased the most accurate
    scales; scales that would cost over million
    of dollars today
    • Lavoisier carefully preformed his
    experiments weighing them before and after
    each combustion experiment.

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 16


    Chapter 1
    A Better Theory of Combustion
    Lavoisier proposed an alternative theory of
    combustion based on his experiments:
    1. When something burns, it can either remove or
    combine with “fixed-air.”
    2. He discovers Oxygen, hydrogen
    Lavoisier literally, rewrites all chemistry textbooks.
    Lavoisier’s idea starts modern chemistry based on
    reproducible experimentation---backed with very
    accurate measurements.
    He is executed by a phlogiston believer-political
    17
    Lord Kelvin, 1850’s
    • "To measure is to know."
    • "If you can not measure it, you can not
    improve it."

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 18


    Chapter 1
    How to Succeed in Chemistry
    • Curiosity and your
    imagination are your allies
    Explore and investigate.
    • Quantify and calculate
    Even small differences can
    be important!
    • Commitment
    Work regularly and carefully.

    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 19


    Chapter 1
    The Best Approach to
    Learning Chemistry
    • Learn the vocabulary of chemistry.
     Definitions and terms.
     How common vocabulary is applied to chemistry.
    • Memorize important information.
     Names, formulas, and charges of polyatomic ions.
     Solubility rules.
    • Learn and practice processes.
     Systematic names and formulas.
     Dimensional analysis.
    • Do the questions and exercises in the chapter to test
    your understanding and help you learn the patterns?
    Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 20
    Chapter 1

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