INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Professor:
Dean Charisse Diana A. Pasaporte,MIT
College of Information Technology
Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Microsoft Office 2007 – Illustrated Introductory,
Premium Video Edition

Understanding Essential Computer

Concepts
 Objectives

• Investigate types of computers

• Examine computer systems
• Examine input devices
• Examine output devices
• Investigate data processing
• Understand memory

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 Objectives

• Understand storage media

• Explore data communications
• Learn about networks
• Learn about security threats
• Understand system software
• Understand application software

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 Defining Computers

A computer is an electronic device

that:
• accepts input
• processes data
• stores data
• produces output

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 Investigating Types of
Computers
The categories of computers are:
• Personal computers
• Desktop
• Notebook (Laptop)
• Tablet PC
• Hand-helds
• PDAs
• MP3 players
• Cell phones
• Mainframes
• Supercomputers

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 Investigating Types of
Computers
Personal computers are used for general computing tasks.

Hand-held computers fit in the palm of your hand and run

on batteries.

Mainframes are used by companies to provide centralized

storage, processing, and management for large amounts of
data.

Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of computers,

and can process an enormous volume of data.

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 Investigating Types of Computers

• Notebook
computer
• also referred to
as a laptop
computer
• small
• lightweight
• portable

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 Investigating Types of Computers
• PDAs
• Personal Digital
Assistants
• generally used to
maintain an
electronic
appointment book,
address book,
calculator, and
notepad

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 Investigating Types of Computers

Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of

computers, and can process an enormous
volume of data.

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 Understanding Terminals
• Terminal
• has a keyboard for input
• monitor for output
• processes little or no data on its own

• Terminal emulator
• personal computer, workstation, or server
• uses special software to imitate a terminal
• allows the PC to communicate with he
mainframe or supercomputer

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 Examining Computer Systems

A computer system is made up of:

• Hardware—the physical components

• Software—the programs or lists of

instructions

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 Examining Computer Systems

• Architecture or configuration is the

design of the computer.
• As in, what does the computer consist
of?

• Specifications are the technical details

about each component.
• As in, how big is the monitor?

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 Examining Computer Systems
• Data
• The words, numbers, figures,
sounds, and graphics that describe
people, events, things, and ideas

• Processing
• Modifying data

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 Examining Computer Systems

• Motherboard
• where processing
tasks occur
• located inside the
computer
• the main electronic
component of the
computer
• contains the CPU

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 Examining Computer Systems

• The data you type into the computer is called

input.

• The result of the computer processing your

input is called output.

• Peripheral devices accomplish the input,

output, and storage functions.

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 Examining Computer Systems
• Microprocessor
• a silicon chip
designed to
manipulate data
• its speed is
determined by:
• Clock speed
• Word size
• Processor type

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 Examining Input Devices

Some input devices are:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Touch pad
• Pointing stick
Cordless mouse
• Scanner
• Microphones
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 Using Assistive Devices
• People who cannot use their arms or
hands instead can use foot, head, or
eye movements to control the pointer.
• People with poor vision can use
keyboards with large keys for input,
screen enlargers to enlarge the type
and images on the monitor, or screen
readers to read the content of the
screen aloud.

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 Examining Output Devices

• Monitors and printers are common

output devices.

• CRT monitors and flat panel monitors

are two types of monitors.

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 Examining Output
Devices

Factors that influence

a monitor’s quality
are:

• Screen Size
• Resolution
• Dot Pitch

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 Examining Output Devices

Types of printers
• Laser
• Dot Matrix
• Inkjet

Inkjet printer

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 Investigating Data Processing
• A computer file is a named collection
of stored data.
• An executable file contains the
instructions that tell a computer how
to perform a specific task; for
instance, the files that are used while
the computer starts are executable.
• A data file is created by a user,
usually with software.

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 Investigating Data Processing

• Computers interpret every signal as

“on” or “off.”

• 1 (“on”) and 0 (“off”) are referred to as

bits.

• Eight bits is a byte. Each byte

represents a unique character.

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 Investigating Data Processing

• Kilobyte (KB) = one thousand

bytes
• Megabyte (MB) = one million bytes
• Gigabyte (GB) = one billion bytes
• Terabyte (TB) = one trillion bytes

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 Investigating Data Processing
• Each ASCII number
represents an English
character
• Computers that run
the Windows
operating system use
the set of Extended
ASCII definitions
defined by the
American National
Standards Institute ANSI standard sample ASCII code
(ANSI).

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 Understanding Memory
• Computer memory is a set of storage
locations on the motherboard.
• There are five types of memory:
• Random access memory (RAM)
• Cache memory
• Virtual memory
• Read-only memory
• Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor memory (CMOS)

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 Understanding Memory
• RAM
• Temporary memory that is constantly
changing while the computer is on.
• Also called volatile memory and temporary
memory.
• Cache memory
• Special high-speed memory chip on the
motherboard or CPU
• Stores frequently and recently accessed data
and commands.
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 Understanding Memory

• Virtual memory is extra memory that

simulates RAM if more is needed.

• Read-only memory (ROM) is the permanent

storage location for a set of instructions the
computer uses.

• CMOS memory is semi-permanent

information about where essential software is
stored.
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 Understanding Storage Media

• Magnetic storage devices

• Store data as magnetized
particles on mylar, which is then
coated on both sides with a
magnetic oxide coating

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 Understanding Storage Media
• Common magnetic storage
devices
• hard disks—several magnetic oxide
covered metal platters usually sealed in
a case inside the computer
• tape—inexpensive, slow, archival
storage for large companies who need
to back up large quantities of data.
• floppy disks—flat circles of magnetic
oxide-coated mylar enclosed in a hard
plastic case; almost obsolete

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 Understanding Storage Media
• Optical storage devices
• polycarbonate discs coated with a
reflective metal on which data is
recorded using laser technology as
a trail of tiny pits or dark spots in
the surface of the disc
• the data that these pits or spots
represent can then be “read” with
a beam of laser light

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 Understanding Storage Media
• Types of optical storage devices
• CD—can store 700 MB of data
• DVD—can store between 4.7 and
15.9 GB of data
• Blu-ray discs and HD-DVD can store
between 15 and 50 GB of data

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 Understanding Storage Media
• Flash memory—similar to ROM except
that it can be written to more than once.
• Flash memory cards
• small, portable cards encased in hard
plastic to which data can be written and
rewritten
• used in digital cameras, handheld
computers, video game controllers, and
other devices

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 Understanding Storage Media
• USB flash storage
device (USB drive, flash
drive)
• popular type of flash
memory
• available in a wide
range of sizes from 32
MB to 16 GB
• plug directly into the
USB port of a
personal computer
• are about the size of a
pack of gum and often
have a ring that you
can attach to your key
chain.

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 Erasing and Rewriting on
CDs and DVDs

• CD-ROMs are for “read-only” access.

• CD-R drives allow you to record data on a

CD-R disk.

• CD-RW drives allow you to write data on a

CD-RW disk and access and modify data.

• DVD-R and DVD+R are recordable.

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 Exploring Data Communications

Data communications is the transmission of text,

numeric, voice, or video data from one computer to
another.

The four essential components of data communications

are:
• Sender
• Channel
• Receiver
• Protocols

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 Exploring Data Communications

• A sender is the computer that originates the

message.
• The message is sent over a channel, such as a
telephone.
• The receiver is the computer at the message’s
destination.
• Protocols are the rules that establish the
transfer of data between sender and receiver.

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 Exploring Data Communications
• Device driver (or simply driver)
• handles the transmission protocol between a
computer and its peripheral devices
• a computer program that can establish
communication because it contains
information about the characteristics of your
computer and of the device

• Data bus
• the data path between the microprocessor,
RAM, and the peripherals along which
communication travels

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 Exploring Data Communications

Components needed to connect a printer to a computer

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 Exploring Data Communications

PCs have several types of ports:

• Parallel
• Serial
• SCSI
• USB
• MIDI
• Ethernet

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 Exploring Data Communications

• Parallel port—transmits data eight bits at a

time
• Serial port—transmits data one bit at a time
• SCSI (small computer system interface,
pronounced “scuzzy”) port—provides an
interface for one or more peripheral devices
at the same port
• USB (Universal Serial Bus) port—a high-
speed serial port which allows multiple
connections at the same port

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 Exploring Data Communications
• Sound card port—usually includes jacks
for speakers and a microphone, which are
designed to work with a MIDI (Musical
Instrument Digital Interface, pronounced
“middy”) card

• Ethernet port—used to connect to

another computer, a LAN, a modem, or
sometimes directly to the Internet; allows
data to be transmitted at high speeds.

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 Exploring Data
Communications
Power connection

Keyboard port Mouse port

Audio
connection

Monitor port
FireWire port

USB ports
Network port

Speaker and
microphone Phone line
connections connection

Computer ports and connections

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 Learning about Networks
• Network
• connects one computer to other computers and
peripheral devices
• Network interface card (NIC)
• creates a communications channel between the
computer and the network
• a cable connects the NIC port to the network
• Network software
• establishes the communications protocols that will
be observed on the network
• controls the traffic flow of data traveling through
the network

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 Learning about Networks
• Server
• acts as the central storage location for programs
• provides mass storage for most of the data used on the
network
• Client—computers on a network dependent on a
server
• Client/server network—a network with server that
acts as the central storage location
• Peer-to-peer network
• a network without a server
• all of the computers are equal

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 Learning about Networks
• Standalone computer—a personal
computer that is not connected to a
network
• Workstation—a personal computer
that is connected to a network
• Node—any device connected to the
network

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 Learning about Networks

Workstation Server Printer

Workstation

Your local workstation

Network configuration

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 Learning about Networks
• LAN (local area network)
• computers and peripherals located close to each
other
• WAN (wide area network)
• more than one LAN connected together
• the Internet is the largest example of a WAN
• WLAN (wireless local area network)
• computers and peripherals that use high-
frequency radio waves instead of wires to
communicate and connect in a network
• Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) describes WLANs
connected using a standard radio frequency
established by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

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 Learning about Networks
• PAN (personal area network)—a )— network that
allows two or more devices located close to each
other to communicate or to connect a device to the
Internet
• infrared technology—uses infrared light waves to beam
data from one device to another
• Bluetooth—uses short range radio waves to connect a
device wirelessly to another device or to the Internet
• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access)
• allows computers to connect over many miles to a LAN
• a WiMAX tower sends signals to a WiMAX receiver built or
plugged into a computer

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 Learning about Networks

Analog
signal

Digital Digital
signal signal

Modem Modem
Sending site Receiving site

Using modems to send and receive data

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 Learning about Security Threats
• Security
• refers to the steps a computer
owner takes to prevent
unauthorized use of or
damage to the computer

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 Learning about Security Threats
• Malware
• describes any program that is intended to
cause harm or convey information to others
without the owner’s permission
• Viruses
• harmful programs that instruct your computer
to perform destructive activities, such as
erasing a disk drive
• Antivirus software (virus protection
software) searches executable files for the
sequences of characters that may cause harm
and disinfects the files by erasing or disabling
those commands

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 Learning about Security Threats
• Spyware
• programs contained with other programs that track a
computer user’s Internet usage and send this data back
to the company or person that created it
• usually installed without the computer user’s permission
or knowledge
• Anti-spyware software detects spyware and deletes
them
• Adware
• software installed with another program usually with the
user’s permission
• generates advertising revenue for the program’s creator
by displaying targeted ads to the program’s user

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 Learning about Security Threats
• Firewall
• prevents other computers on the Internet from
accessing a computer and prevents programs
on a computer from accessing the Internet
without the computer user’s permission
• can be either hardware or software
• router
• a device that controls traffic between network
components
• usually has a built-in firewall.
• software firewalls track all incoming and
outgoing traffic

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 Learning about Security Threats
• Spoofed site
• a Web site set up to look like another Web site, but which
does not belong to the organization portrayed in the site
• the URL (address on the Web) looks similar to a URL from
the legitimate site
• usually set up to try to convince customers of the real site to
enter personal information
• Phishing
• the practice of sending e-mails to customers or potential
customers of a legitimate Web site asking them to click a
link in the e-mail
• the link leads to a spoofed site
• Pharming
• when a criminal breaks into a DNS server (a computer
responsible for directing Internet traffic) and redirect any
attempts to access a particular Web site to the criminal’s
spoofed site

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 Protecting Information with
Passwords
• Logging in
• signing in with a user name and
password
• Strong password
• at least eight characters
• consists of upper- and lowercase letters
and numbers
• does not include common personal
information

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 Understanding System Software

System software helps the computer carry out it s

basic operating tasks.

The four types of system software are:

• Operating systems
• Utilities
• Device drivers
• Programming languages

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 Understanding System Software
• Operating system
• controls the input and output (I/O)
• allocates system resources
• manages files on storage devices
• guards against equipment failure
• Operating environment
• provides a graphical user interface (GUI)
that acts as a liaison between the user and the
computer

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 Understanding System Software
• Utilities
• a category of system software that augment the
operating system by taking over some of its
responsibility for allocating hardware resources
• Device drivers
• handle the transmission protocol between a computer
and its peripherals
• when you add a device to an existing computer, part of
its installation includes adding its device driver to the
computer’s configuration
• Programming languages
• used by a programmer to write computer instructions
• the instructions are translated into electrical signals that
the computer can manipulate and process.

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 Understanding System Software
Icons (you
might see
additional
icons on
your Gadgets
screen) (small
programs; you
might see
additional or
different
gadgets on
your screen)
Start button

Taskbar

Quick Launch toolbar

Windows Vista starting screen

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 Understanding Application
Software

• Application software
• enables you to perform
specific computer tasks

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 Understanding Application
Software
• Document production software
• includes word processing software, desktop publishing
software, e-mail editors, and Web authoring software
• has a variety of features that assist you in writing and
formatting documents, including changing the font (the
style of type) and spell checking to help you avoid
typographical and spelling errors

• Spreadsheet software
• a numerical analysis tool
• used to create a worksheet composed of a grid of
columns and rows
• you type data into the cells, and enter mathematical
formulas into other cells that reference the data

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 Understanding Application
Software

A wiggly red
line indicates a
possible
spelling error

Spell checking a document

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 Understanding Application
Software

Graph

Cell B5 contains result of

calculation performed by
spreadsheet software

Typical worksheet with numerical data and a graph

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 Understanding Application
Software
• Database management software
• lets you collect and manage data

• Database
• a collection of information stored on one or more
computers organized in a uniform format of records
and fields
• record—a collection of data items in a database
• field—one piece of information in the record
• An example of a database is the online catalog of
books at a library; the catalog contains one record
for each book in the library, and each record
contains fields that identify the title, the author, and
the subjects under which the book can be classified.

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 Understanding Application
Software
• Graphics software
• allows you to create illustrations, diagrams,
graphs, and charts
• Presentation software
• allows you to project a presentation before a
group, print it out for quick reference, or
transmit it to remote computers
• Clip art
• simple drawings that are included as
collections with many software packages

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 Understanding Application
Software
• Photo editing software
• allows you to manipulate digital photos
• you can make the images brighter, add special
effects to the photo, add additional images to
a photo, or crop the photo to include only
relevant parts of the image
• Multimedia authoring software
• allows you to record digital sound files, video
files, and animations
• Web site creation and management software
• allows you to create and manage Web sites

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