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Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Knowledge representation and reasoning is an area of artificial intelligence that aims to represent knowledge in a way that facilitates drawing conclusions. There are several methods for knowledge representation, including semantic networks, frames, ontologies, and logic-based languages. These representations structure information using notations, links between concepts, and storage methods to enable automated reasoning and problem solving. Key topics in knowledge representation are languages and notations, ontology languages, links and structures, notation, and storage and manipulation of knowledge.

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125 views20 pages

Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Knowledge representation and reasoning is an area of artificial intelligence that aims to represent knowledge in a way that facilitates drawing conclusions. There are several methods for knowledge representation, including semantic networks, frames, ontologies, and logic-based languages. These representations structure information using notations, links between concepts, and storage methods to enable automated reasoning and problem solving. Key topics in knowledge representation are languages and notations, ontology languages, links and structures, notation, and storage and manipulation of knowledge.

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jrahulroy
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KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION

AND REASONING

G.ANUSHA
2451-10-742-015
M.E(CSE)
Knowledge Representation
'Knowledge representation (KR) and reasoning'
is an area of artificial intelligence whose
fundamental goal is to represent knowledge in a
manner that facilitates inferencing (i.e. drawing
conclusions) from knowledge.
History of knowledge representation
and reasoning
KR is most commonly used to refer to
representations intended for processing by modern
computers.
In computer science, particularly artificial
intelligence, a number of representations have been
devised to structure information.
Many KR methods were tried in the 1970s
and early 1980s, such as heuristic question-
answering, neural networks, theorem proving,
and expert systems, with varying success.
In the 1980s formal computer knowledge
representation languages and systems arose.
Major projects attempted to encode wide
bodies of general knowledge.
Topics in knowledge representation
and reasoning
Language and notations
Ontology languages
Links and structures
Notation
Storage and maniplation
Language and notations
Some people think it would be best to represent
knowledge in the same way that it is represented in
the human mind, or to represent knowledge in the
form of human language.
Various artificial languages and notations have been
proposed for representing knowledge. They are
typically based on logic and mathematics, and have
easily parsed grammars to ease machine processing.
Examples for notations
Symbol Reference
≈ approximately equal to
< less than
≤ less than or equal to
> greater than
≥ greater than or equal to
Ontology languages
After CycL, a number of ontology languages
have been developed. Most are declarative
languages, and are either frame languages, or are
based on first-order logic.
Most of these languages only define an upper
ontology with generic concepts, whereas the
domain concepts are not part of the language
definition.
Gellish English is an example of an
ontological language that includes a full
engineering English Dictionary.
These languages use a markup scheme to
encode knowledge, most commonly XML.
Links and structures

While hyperlinks have come into widespread use, the



closely related semantic link is not yet widely used.
The mathematical table has been used since
Babylonian times.
More recently, these tables have been used to

represent the outcomes of logic operations, such as
truth tables, which were used to study and model
Boolean logic, for example.
Spreadsheets are yet another tabular
representation of knowledge.
Other knowledge representations are trees, by
means of which the connections among
fundamental concepts and derivative concepts
can be shown.
Example for ruth tables
p q P^q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
Example for tree structure

encyclopedia
/ \
science culture
/ \
art craft
Notations
The recent fashion in knowledge
representation languages is to use XML as the
low-level syntax.
This tends to make the output of these KR
languages easy for machines to parse, at the
expense of human readability and often space-
efficiency.
Examples of notations:
DATR is an example for representing lexical
knowledge
RDF is a simple notation for representing
relationships between and among objects
Storage and manipulation
One problem in knowledge representation is
how to store and manipulate knowledge in an
information system in a formal way so that it
may be used by mechanisms to accomplish a
given task.
Examples of applications are expert systems,
machine translation systems, computer-aided
maintenance systems and information retrieval
systems (including database front-ends).
Semantic networks may be used to represent
knowledge.
 Each node represents a concept and arcs are
used to define relations between the concepts.
The Conceptual graph model is probably the
oldest model still alive.
the knowledge frame or just frame has been
used. Each frame has its own name and a set of
attributes, or slots which contain values; for
instance, the frame for house might contain a
color slot, number of floors slot, etc.
Frame representations are object-centered in
the same sense as semantic networks
References
Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning.
Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, and Peter
Szolovits; What Is a Knowledge
Representation?
Ronald Fagin, Joseph Y. Halpern, Yoram
Moses, Moshe Y. Vardi Reasoning About
Knowledge.
THANK U

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