Utilization of Electrical Power

(M2H621476)

Speed Control of Electric Drives

 Summary of Previous Class

• DC Motors
• Series and Parallel
• Basic Equations
• Back EMF, Speed and Torque
• Examples and Tutorial
Problems

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 Speed Control of Electric Drives
Why Control Required?
• High Starting Current when supply is switched on when motor
(vehicle) is at stand still condition
• Impulse torque & disaster to power supply- over current- over
heating- voltage fluctuation
• Also need speed control and braking

What are the functions of control equipment?

1. Connect the motors to supply by limiting the current without
causing disturbances to power system
2. Providing smooth acceleration to avoid sudden shock so that
there will be minimum damage to the couplings.
3. Adjust the speed of the locomotive as per requirement
4. Provide braking
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 Speed Control of DC Motors
Back emf of a DC motor - Eb - induced emf due to
rotation of the armature in magnetic field. Thus value of
the Eb can be given by the EMF equation of a DC
generator 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑃𝑁∅𝑍
60𝐴
.
(where, P= no. of poles, Ø=flux/pole, N=speed in rpm,
Z=no. of armature conductors, A=parallel paths)
Eb can also be given as, 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎

Speed is directly proportional to

the back emf Eb and inversely 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑁∝ 𝐼𝑎
proportional to the flux Ø per
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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
Speed control of Shunt motor
1. Filed ( Flux) Control Method
speed of the motor is inversely proportional to flux. Thus
by decreasing flux speed can be increased and vice versa.
2.Armature Resistance (Rheostatic) Control Method
Supply voltage kept constant - voltage across the armature
is varied by inserting a variable rheostat in series.
As the series
resistance
increases, the
voltage across the
armature decreases
and
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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
3. Shunted Armature Control Method
A shunt resistance connected as a voltage divider
across the armature. The speed is approximately
proportional to the voltage across the armature. By
varying the voltage speed can be varied
4. Voltage Control Method
• Filed connected to a fixed
voltage
• Armature supplied with
variable voltage supply.
• By varying the voltage speed is
varied
Modern Trend : use of
Thyristor
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Utilization of Electric Power
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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
Series Motor
Armature Resistance Control - Series resistance:
At start include full resistance in the circuit
• Reduce the resistance gradually as the motor
speeds up

By varying the resistance

(voltage across the
armature is varied thus the
speed is varied

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Speed control of DC motor - Methods
Series Motor- Field Control
• Series Resistance Control
• Field Diverter
• Tapped field control

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 Series Parallel Control of DC Series
Motors
• This system is widely used in electric traction,
where two or more mechanically coupled series
motors are employed. For low speeds, motors
are joined in series, and for higher speeds
motors are joined in parallel.

• When in series, the motors have the same

current passing through them, although voltage
across each motor is divided. When in parallel,
voltage across each motor is same although
current gets divided
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 Series Parallel Control of DC Series Motor
Step 1
Two traction motors M1 and M2 are started with all
starting resistances in series.
Step 2
• The starting resistances are cut out one by one and finally two
motors are in series without any resistance.
• In series connection the supply voltage V is divided across
the two motors.
• Both motors get half or (V/2) volts - So speed is also half.
Step 3
Motors are now connected in parallel with series resistance
otherwise motor will draw very high current and may damage
itself.
Step 3: Now cut out the series resistance so that both the motors
are across the supply in parallel (without any series resistance.)
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Series Parallel Control of DC Series Motors

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Series Parallel Control of DC Series Motor

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Speed Control of 3 Phase Induction Motor
Synchronous speed of a three phase induction motr is
given by

where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of

stator poles.
Thus, synchronous speed (and hence rotor speed)
changes with change in supply frequency, and changes in
number of poles
By changing the applied frequency
Changing the number of stator poles

By changing the applied voltage

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 Speed Control of 3 Phase Induction Motor
Stator Side
• By changing the applied frequency – needs variable
frequency device/source
• Changing the number of stator poles – needs Multiple
windings with different number of poles
• By changing the applied voltage- needs variable voltage
source – Auto transformer

Rotor Side Control

• Rotor rheostat control
• By injecting EMF in rotor circuit

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 Electric Braking

• Dynamic or Rheostatic Braking

• Plugging or Reverse Current Braking

• Regenerative Braking

Compare Against MECHANICAL (FRICTION) BRAKING

(Refer Text Book: Section 1.19 Pages 67-73)

What are the advantages of electric braking over

conventional braking?

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 Electric Braking
Rheostatic Braking/ Dynamic Braking
• In this method, the armature of the running motor is
disconnected from the supply and is connected across a
variable resistance.
• Field winding is left connected to the supply.
• The armature, Slows down, but rotates in magnetic field

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 Electric Braking
Rheostatic Braking/ Dynamic Braking
• The machine Operates as a generator, sending a large
current through resistance.
• Energy possessed by the rotating armature to
be
dissipated quickly as heat in the resistance.
• As a result, the motor is brought to standstill quickly.

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 Electric Braking
Plugging or Reverse Current Braking
• Connections to the armature are reversed
• Motor tends to rotate in the opposite direction, thus
providing the necessary braking effect.
• Power generated is dissipated in the series resistance-
Energy waste)
• When the motor comes to rest, the supply must be cut
off (otherwise the motor will start rotating in the
opposite direction).

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 Electric Braking
Regenerative Braking
• Connections to the armature are reversed
• Motor is run as a generator.
• Kinetic energy of the motor is into
convertedenergy and returned to the supply lines.
electrical
• Used where, load on the motor has very high inertia
(e.g in electric trains).

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• The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified as :

• V / f control or frequency control.

• Changing the number of stator poles.

• Controlling supply voltage.

• Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.

• The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further classified as:

• Adding external resistance on rotor side.

• Cascade control method.

• Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.

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Utilization of Electric Power
 Summary
Speed Control Methods
• Armature Resistance/ Rheostat control

• Field Control

• Voltage Control - Thyristor Based

Control
• Series Parallel Control

Electric Braking
• Rheostatic Braking

• Plugging or Reverse Current Braking

• Regenerative Braking

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