GENERATOR

PROTECTION
&
INTERLOCK

1
 Type of Generator Protection
1. Voltage Controlled Over Current Protection (51V)
2. Dead Machine Protection (50/27)
3. Generator Circuit Breaker Failure (50BF)
4. Over Excitation Protection (24G)
5. Over Voltage Protection (59)
6. Reverse Power Protection (32R)
7. Low Forward Power Protection (32F)
8. Differential Protection (87G)
9. Under Frequency Protection (81G)
10. Over Frequency Protection (81G)
11. Loss of Excitation (40G)
12. 95 % Stator Earth Fault (64G1)
13. 100 % Stator Earth Fault (64G2)
14. Generator Rotor Earth Fault (64F)
15. Exciter Rotor Earth Fault
16. I&C Trip from ETS.
17. Excitation System Fault
18. Generator Pole Slipping (78)
19. Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46)
20. Backup Impedance Protection (21)
21. Generator Cooling Water Loss
22. Conductivity High High
Confidential Slide 2
 Classification of generator protection
tripping
1. Class A-I
2. Class A-II
3. Class B

OR

4. Class A
5. Class B
6. Class C

Confidential Slide 3
 Objective of classification of protection
tripping

1. Damage is minimum.

2. Auxiliaries if possible are kept energized and time to

restart the unit is minimum.

3. Over speeding of TG due to sudden load throw off is

avoided.

Confidential Slide 4
 Classification depends on following points
Plant layout

Means how generator is connected to high voltage

transmission line.

There are two different way

A) Without GCB scheme

B) With GCB scheme

Confidential Slide 5
 Without GCB Scheme
 Generator synchronizing
done at switchyard.

 Generator ,GT & UAT are

directly connected to
switchyard.

 If any faults in generator

then we have to open
switchyard breaker.

 Classification of generator
protection tripping in this
scheme are
1. Class A
2. Class B
3. Class C

Confidential Slide 6
 Class A
Class A trip involves a serious electrical fault like differential, stator earth fault etc
and is considered to be the most dangerous in terms of the shock on the unit. Since it
involves serious electrical faults, connections from both generator and the EHV bus is
immediately switched off to limit the damage at the fault point and also to isolate the
healthy system. Hence the unit (turbine, generator and boiler) has to be tripped.

Class B
Class B primarily relates to mechanical problems. This results in tripping of turbine
followed by generator.

Class C
Class C involves basically external system related problems like frequency, overvoltage
etc. This does not involve instant tripping of the unit. CPP unit operates on house load.

Confidential Slide 7
 With GCB Scheme
 Generator synchronizing done
at TG building.

 Generator is not directly

connected to GT,UAT &
switchyard

 If any faults in generator

then we have to open GCB.

 Classification of generator
protection tripping in this
scheme are
1. Class AI
2. Class AII
3. Class B

Confidential Slide 8
 To GRID

205 BAY
BRK.

GCB

1CB BRK 1CA BRK

20kV
FCB

Main Stop V/V

G
Confidential Slide 9
 To GRID

Class A1 Protection Operated

205 BAY
BRK.

GCB

1CB BRK 1CA BRK

20kV
FCB

Main Stop V/V

G
Confidential Slide 10
 Class AI
Class A-I trip is mainly for faults in generator transformer and unit
transformer.

In this class, trip goes to following equipments with out time delay.

 Turbine,

 Generator breaker (GCB),

 EHV breaker,

 UAT LV breaker,

 Field breaker.

Note - Initiate GCB and EHV breaker failure.

Confidential Slide 11
  There are three generator protections come into
Class-AI.
1. Voltage Controlled Over Current Protection (51V).

2. Dead Machine Protection (50/27).

3. Generator Circuit Breaker Failure (50BF).

Confidential Slide 12
 To GRID

Class AII Protection Operated

205 BAY
BRK.

GCB

1CB BRK 1CA BRK

20kV
FCB

Main Stop V/V

G
Confidential Slide 13
 Class AII

Class AII trip is for faults in generator.

In this class , trip goes to following equipments without time delay.

 Turbine,

 Generator breaker (GCB),

 Field breaker.

Note - Initiate GCB breaker failure.

Advantage of GCB scheme

The auxiliaries are fed through unit transformer by back charging of
GT. Thus in Class A2 trip we are able to maintain uninterrupted power
to the Unit bus and auxiliaries which was not possible in the scheme
without GCB.
Confidential Slide 14
 There are 13 generator protections come into
Class AII

1. Over Excitation Protection (24G)

2. Over Voltage Protection (59)
3. Reverse Power Protection (32R)
4. Under Frequency stage – 2 (81)
5. Low Forward Power Protection (32F)
6. Differential Protection (87G)
7. Loss of Excitation (40G)
8. 95 % Stator Earth Fault (64G1)
9. 100 % Stator Earth Fault (64G2)
10. Generator Rotor Earth Fault (64F)
11. Exciter Rotor Earth Fault
12. I&C Trip from ETS
13. Excitation System Fault

Confidential Slide 15
 To GRID
Low Forward Power
OR Reverse Power
Class B Protection Operated
Protection will Operate

205 BAY
BRK.

GCB

1CB BRK 1CA BRK

20kV
FCB

Main Stop V/V

G
Confidential Slide 16
 Class B

Class B trip also leads to generator breaker (GCB) tripping.

In this class, trip goes to only turbine.

There are 7 generator

  protections come into Class B
1. Under frequency stage-1 (81)
2. Over Frequency Stage-2 (81)
3. Generator Pole Slipping (78)
4. Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46)
5. Backup Impedance Protection (21)
6. Generator Cooling Water Loss
7. Conductivity High High

Confidential Slide 17
 Generator Protection Relay

We are using Siemens

relay for generator
protection.

1. 7UM6225 Main
Protection relay

2. 7UM6115 Backup
Protection relay

3. 7XT33X & 7XT34X

for 100% SEF

Confidential Slide 18
 Voltage Controlled Over Current Protection (51V)

This protection is a combination of over current and under

voltage.

A relay unit must be operate on greater than full load current

when the voltage falls below a predetermined value, and it is must
not be operate for any magnitude of current when the voltage is
above the predetermined value.

Relay Setting

51 Pick up = 14400 Amp Time delay = 0.30 sec

IEC Curve = NI 51V pick up less than 13.64 kV

Confidential Slide 19
 Block Diagram for 51V

Confidential Slide 20
 Dead Machine Protection (50/27)

Three phase energization of a generator which is at stand still

or on turning gear causes it to behave & accelerate like an
induction motor.

Since a generator behaves similarly to induction motor, higher

current will develop in the rotor during the period it is
accelerating. At this time phase current is 3 to 4 per unit and
terminal voltage is 50 to 70% of rated voltage.

Due to excessive high current rotor may be damage in order of

few seconds.

3 instantaneous over current and one under voltage relay used

for detecting dead machine fault condition.

Confidential Slide 21
 Relay Setting

Current Pick up = 19200 Amp

Voltage pick up less than 14 kV
Time Delay = 0.30 sec

Block Diagram for (50/27)

Confidential Slide 22
 Generator circuit breaker failure (50BF)

This fault occurs due to following reasons.

 Trip coil burn

 Trip mechanism problem

 SF6 low pressure

 DC supply fail

Relay Setting

Supervision current pick up =1200 Amp

GCB ON feedback = Yes
Time delay = 0.20 sec

Confidential Slide 23
 Block Diagram for 50BF

Confidential Slide 24
 Over Excitation Protection (24G)

We know that flux of generator

Ø(t) = K (V/F) Cos wt

When the ratio of the voltage to frequency (volts/Hz) exceeds 1.05

PU for a generator & the iron saturates due to the high flux density
and results in stray flux occurring in components not designed to
carry it. Overheating occur, resulting in damage..

Such over excitation most often occurs during start-up or shutdown

while the unit is operating at reduced frequencies, or during a
complete load rejection.

Failure in the excitation system can also cause over excitation.

Confidential Slide 25
 Note - A overvoltage protection can provide partial backup, but will
not be effective at reduced operating frequencies

Relay Setting

Stage -1 Stage-2
V/F Pick up = 1.15 V/F Pick up = 1.25
Time Delay = 10.0 sec Time Delay = 2.0 sec

Block Diagram for 24G

Confidential Slide 26
 Over Voltage Protection (59)

Overvoltage on a generator may occur due to transient surges on the network, or

power frequency overvoltage may arise from a variety of conditions.

Surge arrestors may be required to protect against transient overvoltage, but

relay protection may be used to protect against power frequency overvoltage.

1. Defective operation of the automatic voltage regulator when the machine is

in isolated operation.

2. Operation under manual control with the voltage regulator out of service. A
sudden variation of the load, in particular the reactive power component,
will give rise to change in voltage.

3. Sudden loss of load (due to tripping of outgoing feeders, feeding a very small
load) may cause a sudden rise in terminal voltage due to the trapped field
flux.

Confidential Slide 27
 Relay Setting

Stage-1 Stage-2
59-1 Pick up = 24 kV 59-1 Pick up = 26 kV
59-1 Time delay (T1)= 3.0 sec 59-1 Time delay(T2) = 0.5 sec

Block Diagram for 59

Confidential Slide 28
 Frequency Protection (81)

There are two type of frequency protection

1. Over Frequency
2. Under Frequency

Causes of over frequency-

3. Sudden loss of load
4. Mal operation of governor

Causes of under frequency-

5. Under frequency may occur as a result of overload of generators
operating on an isolated system.
6. Mal operation of governor

Confidential Slide 29
 Example For Frequency Protection

Grid - 1 Grid - 2

Xmission
Line 12

Xmission
Xmission
Line 2
Line 1

300 MW 300 MW

GEN.-1 GEN.-2

Confidential Slide 30
 Healthy Condition

Grid - 1 Grid - 2

Load Demand 50 MW
Load Demand
350 MW 250 MW
Xmission
Line 12

Xmission
Xmission
Line 2
Line 1

Generation MW Generation MW
300 300
GEN.-1 GEN.-2

Confidential Slide 31
 Fault on Xmission line - 12

Grid - 1 Grid - 2

Load Demand 50 MW
Load Demand
350 MW 250 MW
Xmission
Line 12

Xmission
Xmission
Line 2
Line 1

Generation MW Generation MW
300 300
GEN.-1 GEN.-2

Under Frequency Over Frequency

Confidential Slide 32
 Block Diagram for 81

Relay Setting
Under Frequency Over Frequency
Stage -1 for Class B Stage -1 for DCS
81 Pick up = 47.50 Hz 81 Pick up = 51.50 Hz
Time Delay = 20 sec Time Delay = 5 sec

Stage – 2 for Class AII Stage – 2 for Class B

81 Pick up = 47.0 Hz 81 Pick up = 52.5.0 Hz
Time Delay = 4 sec Time Delay = 10 sec

Minimum Required Voltage for Protection operation = 12 kV

Confidential Slide 33
 Differential Protection (87G)

Differential protection is a unit-type protection for a specified zone or

piece of equipment.

Differential protection requires a set of CT at each end of the

generator. The protection relay then compares the currents and
calculates the difference between the two.

This type of protection works on the basic theory of Kirchhoff's

current law, which states that the sum of the currents entering and
exiting a node will equal zero.

We have two zone of differential protection.

1. Generator Differential
2. Overall Differential

Confidential Slide 34
 Gen. Differential Protection (87G) SLD

GCB

7UM6225
Relay

Confidential Slide 35
 Over All Differential Protection (87OA) SLD

Confidential Slide 36
 95 % Stator Earth Fault

There are three type of stator earth fault

1. single phase to earth
2. two phase to earth
3. three phase to earth

Cause – Insulation damage

We are using open delta method for detecting 95% stator

earth fault.

Why it is called 95% stator earth fault

Confidential Slide 37
 Block Diagram for 95%

V0>

Relay Setting

59N Pick Up = 5 volts

Time Delay = 0.5 sec

Note – PT open delta voltage directly goes to backup relay. Main

relay use computed value for protection

Confidential Slide 38
 100 % Stator Earth Fault

There are two method for 100% SEF.

1. Third harmonic method.
2. Low frequency injection method.

Low frequency injection method

In this method 20Hz voltage signal injects into the sec. of the NGT.

Components
20Hz generator – it generates 20Hz signal
Band pass filter – passes only 20Hz signal and rejects out of band signals.

Advantage – provides protection when the machine is off line.

Confidential Slide 39
 Block Diagram for 100%

Relay Setting
R< SEF Alarm = 128 ohm
R<< SEF Trip = 26 ohm
T SEF Alarm = 10 sec
T SEF Trip = 2 sec
SEF I>> = 0.49 A
U20 Min. > 0.5 V
I20 Min > 5mA

Confidential Slide 40
 Low Forward Power Protection (32F)

Low forward power protection is often used as an interlocking function to

enable opening of the main circuit breaker for non-urgent trips.

This is to minimize the risk of plant over speeding when the electrical load
is removed from a high-speed generator.

Relay Setting

Low forward pickup < 0.5% i.e. 1.5 MW

Time delay < 3 Sec.
Low forward Supervision pickup > 17% i.e. 51MW
Time delay = ∞

Confidential Slide 41
 Block Diagram for 32F

There are 2 condition

1. Turbine trip with GTCB close
2. Low forward without turbine trip

Confidential Slide 42
 Reverse Power Protection (32R)

Reverse power protection is applied to prevent damage to mechanical plant

items in the event of failure of the prime mover.

Reverse power is back up of low forward power protection.

It is also used as interlock for non urgent trip.

Relay Setting

Reverse power pickup < -0.5% i.e. -1.5 MW

Time delay without stop valve = 15 Sec.
Time delay without stop valve = 2 Sec.

Confidential Slide 43
 Block Diagram for 32R

There are 2 condition

1. Turbine trip with GTCB close
2. Reverse power without turbine trip

Confidential Slide 44
 I&C Trip

When we start unit for the first time, we use I&C protection for checking
the Polarity of CT & PT.

Reverse power & low forward power protection by pass ,during 1 st

synchronization of generator.

Relay Setting - No setting required

This protection work on BI.

Block Diagram

Turbine trip
feedback BI - 15 Class AII
from ETS

Confidential Slide 45
 Excitation System Faults

Excitation system faults means AVR faults

Cause – Card malfunction

Card failure
Input Fuse Blown off
Limiter act
Feedback loss etc.

Relay Setting - No setting required in GRP

This protection work on BI.

Block Diagram

Trip feedback
from AVR BI - 4 Class AII
panel

Confidential Slide 46
 Generator Rotor Earth Fault
The field circuit of a generator, is
an isolated d.c. circuit which is not
normally earthed.

If an earth fault occurs, there will

be no steady state fault current
and the need for action will not be
evident.

Danger arises if a second earth

fault occurs at a separate point in
the field system.

More damage may be caused

mechanically. If a large portion of
the winding is short-circuited, the
flux may adopt a pattern such as
that shown in Figure
Confidential Slide 47
 Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46)

A three-phase balanced load produces a field that is constant and

rotates synchronously with the rotor field system.

Any unbalanced condition can be resolved into positive, negative and zero
sequence components.

Positive sequence component is similar to the normal balanced load.

Negative sequence component is similar to the positive sequence system,

except that the resulting reaction field rotates in the opposite direction
to the d.c. field system.

Zero sequence component produces no main armature reaction.

Confidential Slide 48
 Effect - Negative sequence component produced a flux which cuts the
rotor at twice the rotational velocity, thereby inducing double
frequency currents in the field system and in the rotor body. The
resulting eddy-currents are very large and cause severe heating of
the rotor.

Cause – One circuit breaker pole open

Unbalance loading
One phase to earth fault
Phase to phase fault etc.

Relay Setting – Continuously permissible current (I2) = 8.5%

Warning stage time delay = 20 sec
Negative sequence factor = 5.8
TIE for cooling down = 1000 sec
I2 >> Pickup = 100%
Time delay = Sudden

Confidential Slide 49
Thanks

50