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Engg Mech Chapter 3

1) The document discusses force and equilibrium of particles, including resolving forces into components, determining the resultant of concurrent coplanar forces, and analyzing static equilibrium. 2) It explains how to draw a free body diagram by identifying all external forces acting on an object, including both known applied forces and unknown reaction forces. 3) Several examples are provided to demonstrate resolving forces into components, determining the resultant of concurrent forces, and using static equilibrium equations to analyze if an object will remain at rest. Friction forces and their role in static and impending motion are also examined.

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32 views24 pages

Engg Mech Chapter 3

1) The document discusses force and equilibrium of particles, including resolving forces into components, determining the resultant of concurrent coplanar forces, and analyzing static equilibrium. 2) It explains how to draw a free body diagram by identifying all external forces acting on an object, including both known applied forces and unknown reaction forces. 3) Several examples are provided to demonstrate resolving forces into components, determining the resultant of concurrent forces, and using static equilibrium equations to analyze if an object will remain at rest. Friction forces and their role in static and impending motion are also examined.

Uploaded by

Mark John Ogag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ES 311 ENGINEERING

MECHANICS
Chapter 3
FORCE & EQUILIBRIUM OF
PARTICLES
Objectives:
Apply correctly formula to solve problems involving force
and equilibrium;
Find the components of a single force;
Draw Free Body Diagram correctly
Solve problems on static equilibrium
Solve problems on friction;
Apply correct formula to solve problems on belt friction;
and
Analyze problems on wedges
Component Forces:

A force has its components. In a two-dimensional


system, it has two components – the x- and y-
components

Resultants of Forces
Consider a system of coplanar forces lying on the x-y plane. The resultant can
be systematically obtained algebraically using three equations: two involve
summation of forces along two arbitrarily chosen mutually perpendicular
directions, usually horizontal and vertical (or x- and y-) directions and the third
involving summation of moments
Two equations involving summation of
Rx = ΣFx Ry = ΣFy forces are used to obtain the magnitude,
direction and sense of the resultant
Concurrent Force System
the lines of action of all forces intersect at a common
point, the point of concurrency

Static Equilibrium
a particle in equilibrium remains at rest if originally at rest, or has a constant
velocity if originally in motion; “equilibrium” - “static equilibrium”

to maintain equilibrium, it is necessary to satisfy Newton’s first law of


motion, the resultant force acting on a particle be equal to zero
External forces acting on a rigid body can be reduced to a force-couple
system at some arbitrary point O
Force and the couple are both equal to zero, external forces form a
system equivalent to zero; the rigid body is in equilibrium

conditions for equilibrium: ∑F = 0 ∑Mo = ∑(r x F) = 0


Free Body Diagram

First step in the static equilibrium analysis of a rigid body is identification of


all forces acting on the body with a free-body diagram

1. Decide on the free body to be used; detached the FB from the ground and is
separated from all other bodies. The contour of the body thus isolated is sketched.
2. Indicate point of application, magnitude, and direction of external forces,
including the rigid body weight
3. Magnitudes and directions of the known external forces should be clearly
marked on the free-body diagram. Known external forces generally include the
weight of the free body and forces applied for a given purpose.
4. Unknown external forces usually consist of the reactions, through which
the ground and other bodies oppose a possible motion of the free body. The
reactions constrain the free body to remain in the same position, and, for that
reason, are sometimes called constraining forces. Reactions are exerted at
the points where the free body is supported by or connected to other bodies
and should be clearly indicated.
5. FBD also include dimensions needed in the computation of moments of
forces.

Types of Forces
Ex. 1. A book is at rest on a table top. Diagram the Ans.
forces acting on the book

Resolution of Forces
Ex. 1. For the force in the figure, determine the rectangular
components in the u and v directions if α = 20o
G:
S: Pu = Pcos(60 – α) = 10 cos 40o =
Pv = Psin(60 – α) = 10 sin 40o =

Ex. 2. For the force P determine the components


P1 and P2 if the former is directed 80o from the
horizontal and the latter 20o to the same
reference axis. Force P = 10 kN acting at a given
angle of 60o from the x-axis
S: the included angle bet. P and P1 is 80o – 60o = 20o ;
bet. P and P2 is 60o – 20o = 40o,
In OAB, angle A = 20o, angle O = 40o, angle B = 180 – 20-40 = 140o
By the law of sines
P sinO 10(sin40o)
P1 = ------------- = --------------- =
sin B sin 120o
PsinA 10(sin20o)
P2 = ------------- = --------------- =
sinB sin 120o
Concurrent force system
all forces pass through a common point of concurrence; if the point of
concurrence is the moment center, ΣMo = 0
Only Rx = ΣFx and Ry = ΣFy are needed to find the resultant; and
R = Rx2 + Ry2 and tan θ = Ry/Rx
Ex.1.The two forces Pand Q act on a bolt A. Determine their
resultant.
 Trigonometric Solution. The triangle rule is again used; two
sides and the included angle are known. We apply the law
of cosines.
R2 =P2 + Q2 - 2PQcos B
R2 = (40 N)2 + (60 N)2 - 2(40 N)(60 N)cos 155°
R= =
R = 97.73 N
applying the law of sines
  sin A =

A = 15.04o
α = 20o + A = 20o + 15.04o = 35.04o

Alternative Solution

Construct a right triangle BCD


Then compute
CD = (60 N) sin 25° = 25.36 N
BD = (60 N) cos 25° = 54.38 N
Then, using triangle ACD   tan A = 15.04o
  R

  R

R = 97.73 N
α = 20° + A = 35.04°
Static Friction: No relative motion Kinetic Friction: Relative motion

The force required to overcome static or kinetic friction is proportional to


the normal force, N f s = µs N f = µN
k k

Friction forces are independent of area

If the total mass pulled is constant, the same force (4 N) is required to


overcome friction even with twice the area of contact

Friction forces are independent of speed


The force of kinetic friction is the same at 5 m/s as it is for 20 m/s

For motion that is impending and for motion at constant speed, the
resultant force is zero and ∑F = 0
Ex 1: If µk= 0.3 and µs = 0.5, what horizontal pull P is required to just start a
250-N block moving? FBD
G: µk= 0.3; µs=0.5; W = 250 N P

R: P µk= 0.3

S: impending motion: P – fs = 0 250 N

∑Fy = 0; N – W = 0; W = 250 N; So, N = 250 N


fs = µsN =0.5(250N)
P – fs = 0 = 0.5(250 N)
P = 125 N ; the force needed to start motion
Example:
The uniform crate shown has a mass of 20 kg. If a force P
= 80 N is applied to the crate, determine if it remains in
equilibrium. The coefficient of static friction is μs = 0.3.
G:
R:
S: Equations of Equilibrium
+ ∑Fx = 0 80 cos 30oN – F = 0
+ ∑Fx = 0 -80sin30oN + Nc – 196.2N = 0
+ ∑Mo = 0 80sin30oN(0.4 m) – 80 cos30oN(0.2 m)
+ Nc (x) = 0
F = 69.3 N ; Nc = 236 N;
x = -0.00908 m = -9.09 mm
Fmax = μsNc = 0.3(236 N) = 70.8 N
Wedges

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