Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Python Programming

Basics of Python Programming

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Outline

• Python Character Set

• Token
• Python Core Data Type
• Assigning Value to Variable
• print( ) function
• input( ) function
• eval( ) function
• Formatting Number and Strings

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Python Character Set

• Any program written in python contains words or statements which

follow a sequence of characters. When these characters are submitted
to python interpreter, they are interpreted or identified in various
contexts such as characters, identifiers, constants etc.
• Python uses following character set:
• Letters: lowercase and uppercase letters
• Digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• White Space Characters :
Space ( ), Horizontal tab (\t), Form feed (\f) ,Vertical tab (\v), New-line
character (\n)  etc.
• Special Symbols:
!#%^&*()-_=+~'":;?/|\{}[],.<>$

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Token

Token

Keywords Identifiers Literals Delimiters Operators

Python interpreter reads code as a sequence of characters and translates

them into a sequence of tokens, classifying each by its lexical category, this
operation is called “tokenization”.

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Token

• Keyword
• Keywords are the reserved words in Python. Keywords cannot be used
as variable name, function name or any other identifier.
• There are 33 keywords in Python 3.4.2. This number can vary slightly in
course of time.

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Token

• Identifiers
• Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions, variables
etc. in Python. It helps differentiating one entity from another.
• Rules for writing identifiers
• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or
uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_). Names
like myClass, var_1 and print_this_to_screen, all are valid example.
• An identifier cannot start with a digit.1variable is invalid,
but variable1 is perfectly fine.
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
• You cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. as an identifier.
• Identifier can be of any length.

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Token

• Literals
• Literals are numbers or strings or characters that appear directly in
a program. A list of some literals in python is as follows:
• 70 # Integer Literal
• 21.80 # Floating Point Literal
• 5.34j # Complex Literals
• True/ False # Boolean Literals
• “Hello” # String Literals

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Token

• Type of Literals
• To know the exact type of any value, python offers an in built method
called type.
• The syntax to know the type of any value is type(value)

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Token

• Delimiters
• Delimiters are symbols that perform three special roles in Python:
grouping, punctuation, and assignment/binding of objects to names.

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Token

• Operators
• Operators are particular symbols which operate on some values and
produce an output. The values are known as Operands. Operators
compute a result based on the value(s) of their operands: e.g., + is the
addition operator.

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Python Core Data Type

• In all the programming languages programmers would work with data, so

data types is one of the crucial ingredient of any programming language.
• In Python, all the data types are represented in the form of objects; either
built-in objects that Python provides, or objects that user creates using
Python classes.
• The core data types provided by Python are:
• Numeric types
• Integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers falls under Python
numbers category. They are defined as int, float and complex class in
Python.
• You can use the type() function to know which class a variable or a value
belongs.

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Python Core Data Type

• Integer
• Type : int
• It includes following types of integer specifications:
o Normal integers i.e 18
o Octal literals (base 8)
o an octal number can be defined with “0o“(Zero and alphabet o in
upper or lower case) as a prefix i.e 0o12 or 0O12
o Hexadecimal literals (base 16)
o Hexadecimal literals have to be prefixed either by “0x" or “0X".
o i.e. 0x33 or 0X33

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Python Core Data Type

• Integer
• Type : int
• Use the type() function to know which class a variable or a value belongs

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Python Core Data Type

• Floating-point numbers
• e.g. 25.2
• Type : float
• Use the type() function to know which class a variable or a value belongs
Floating Point Number Notation Meaning
234.0 2.34e2 2.34* 102
0.234 2.34e-1 2.34*10-1

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Python Core Data Type

• Complex numbers
• Complex numbers are written as <real part> + <imaginary part>j
• i.e. 3+5j
• i.e. 15j
• Type: complex

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Python Core Data Type

• Strings
• Another important data type besides numbers are strings. 
• Wrapped with the single-quote ( ' ) character:
'This is a string with single quotes'
• Wrapped with the double-quote ( " ) character:
“This is a string with double quotes"
• Wrapped with three characters, using either single-quote or double-quote:
'''A String in triple quotes can extend over multiple lines like this one, and
can contain 'single' and "double" quotes.'''

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Python Core Data Type

• Type : str
• There exists no character type in Python. A character is simply a string
of size one. 
• Use the type() function to know which class a variable or a value
belongs

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Python Core Data Type

• Boolean
• Type: bool for Boolean values
• i.e. True (represented as 1 internally)
• i.e. False (represented as 0 internally)

• In addition, Python supports a number of types that represent a

collection of values -including strings, lists and dictionaries.

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Assigning Value to Variable

• Python is dynamically typed meaning that no pre-declaration of a

variable or its type is necessary. The type (and value) are initialized on
assignment. Assignments are performed using the equal(=) sign.
• A variable is introduced by assigning a value to it.
• Example: x=20
• A variable that has been assigned a value of a given type may later be
assigned a value of a different type.
• Example: x=30.42
• A variable may be assigned and reassigned as often as necessary. The
type of a variable will change if it is reassigned an expression of a
different type.
• Python is case-sensitive, meaning that the identifier "cAsE" is different
from "CaSe."

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Assigning Value to Variable

• Python also supports augmented assignment, statements that both

refer to and assign values to variables. You can take the following
expression
• n = n * 10 and use this shortcut instead: n *= 10
• Multiple Assignment
• Python allows you to assign a single value or multiple values to
several variables simultaneously.
>>> x, y = 2, 3
>>> x
2
>>> y
3

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Assigning Value to Variable

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Comments

• Comments are the non-executable statements in a program. They are just

added to describe the statements in the program code. Comments make
the program easily readable and understandable by the programmer as
well as other users who are seeing the code. The interpreter simply ignores
the comments.
• In Python, a hash sign (#) and triple quotation marks is used for
comments.
#this is python comment '''This is python comment
print("Python") Comments make the program easily readable'''
#End of program print("Python")
#End of program

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Indenting Code

• Python programs get structured through indentation, i.e. code blocks

are defined by their indentation. This principle makes it easier to read
and understand other people's Python code. 
• All statements with the same distance to the right belong to the same
block of code, i.e. the statements within a block line up vertically. The
block ends at a line less indented or the end of the file. If a block has to
be more deeply nested, it is simply indented further to the right. 

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Program Output, print( ) function

• The programmer can print the output of a value by using the print
function. The simplest form for using this function looks like the
following:
• print(argument)
• The argument can be a value of any type int, str, float etc. It can also be a
value stored in a variable.

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Program Input, input ( )function

• The input function is a simple way for your program to get information
from people using your program.
• The basic structure is
• Variable_name = input(message to user)
• Or
• Variable_name = input(‘string ’)
• The above works for getting text from the user. i.e. input( ) function
produces only string. A programmer can make use of any type to convert
the string into a specific type.
• i.e. x= int(input( ))
• i.e. y=float(input( ))

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Program Input, input ( )function

#Python Program
print('Enter your details :')
name=input("Enter your name:")
print(" Your Name is",name)
print(type(name))
age=input("Enter your age:")
print("Your age is",age)
print(type(age))
per=input("Enter your percentage:")
print("Your percentage is",per)
print(type(per))
#End of Program

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Program Input, input ( )function

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Program Input, input ( )function

#Python Program
print('Enter your details :')
name=input("Enter your name:")
print(" Your Name is",name)
print(type(name))
age=int(input("Enter your age:"))
print("Your age is",age)
print(type(age))
per=float(input("Enter your percentage:"))
print("Your percentage is",per)
print(type(per))

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Program Input, input ( )function

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The eval( ) Function

• The full form of eval function is to evaluate. It takes a string as

parameter and returns it as if it is a python expression.
• The eval function takes a string and returns it in the type it is expected.
• The eval() method returns the result evaluated from the expression.

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The eval( ) Function

• Apply eval( ) to input( ) function

#Python Program
print('Enter your details :')
name=input("Enter your name:")
print(" Your Name is“,name)
print(type(name))
age=eval(input("Enter your age:"))
print("Your age is",age)
print(type(age))
per=eval(input("Enter your percentage:"))
print("Your percentage is",per)
print(type(per))
#End of Program

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The eval( ) Function

Use of eval( ) function avoids specifying a particular type (i.e. int,float )in
front of input( ) function.

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Often it is desirable to display numbers in a certain format. You can use

the format function to return a formatted string.
• The syntax to invoke this function is
format(item, format-specifier)
• where item is a number or a string and format-specifier is a string that
specifies how the item is formatted. The function returns a string.

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting Floating-Point Numbers

• If the item is a float value, you can use the specifier to give the width and
precision of the format in the form of width.precisionf. Here, width
specifies the width of the resulting string, precision specifies the number
of digits after the decimal point, and f is called the conversion code,
which sets the formatting for floating point numbers.
• You can omit the width specifier. If so, it defaults to 0. In this case, the
width is automatically set to the size needed for formatting the number.

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Formatting Number and Strings

The format("10.2f") function formats the number into a string whose width is 10,
including a decimal point and two digits after the point. If there are fewer digits
before the decimal point, spaces are inserted before the number. If there are more
digits before the decimal point, the number’s width is automatically increased.

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Formatting Number and Strings

• 57.464657 (10.2f)
5 7 . 4 6

• 12345678.93815 (10.3f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . 9 3 8

• 57.4 (8.2f)

5 7 . 4 0

where a square box ( ) denotes a blank space.

Note that the decimal point is counted as one space.

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Formatting Number and Strings

• 57 (<5.1f)
• By default, the number is right justified. You can insert < in the format
specifier to specify an item to be left justified.
5 7 . 1

• 625.421 (>4.1f)
• By default, the number is right justified. You can specify > in the format
to specify right justification.
6 2 5 . 4

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Formatting Number and Strings

• 127856.482 (^11.2f) (^ for center align)

1 2 7 8 5 6 . 4 8

• 127856.482 (^15.2f) (^ for center align)

1 2 7 8 5 6 . 4 8

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting in Scientific Notation

• If you change the conversion code from f to e, the number will be
formatted in scientific notation.
• For example,
• a)57.467657 format 10.2e
5.75*101 5 . 7 5 e + 0 1
i.e. 5.75e+01
• b) 2173.0 format 8.3e
2.173* 103
2.173e+03 2 . 1 7 3 e + 0 3

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting in Scientific Notation

• c) 0.000716 format 9.2e

7.16*10-4
7 . 1 6 e - 0 4
7.16e-04

• d) 0.00051 format 7.1e

5.1*10-4
5.1e-04 5 . 1 e - 0 4

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting in Scientific Notation

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting as a Percentage
• You can use the conversion code % to format a number as a percentage.
• The format causes the number to be multiplied by 100 and displayed with
a % sign following it. The total width includes the % sign counted as one
space.
• a) 0.0033923, "10.2%”
0.34% 0 . 3 4 %

• b) 0.0033923, "6.3%”
0.339% 0 . 3 3 9 %

• c) 7.4, "4.2%”
740.00% 7 4 0 . 0 0 %

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting as a Percentage
• 57, "8.1%”
• 5700.0% 5 7 0 0 . 0 %

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting Integers
• The conversion codes d, x, o, and b can be used to format an integer in
decimal, hexadecimal, octal, or binary. You can specify a width for the
conversion. DIVISION RESULT REMAINDER
• Decimal to Binary Conversion 256/2 128 0
• e.g. Convert 256 to binary 128/2 64 0
64/2 32 0
32/2 16 0
16/2 8 0
8/2 4 0
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
Answer 100000000

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Decimal to Binary Conversion

• 256,"8b”
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• 100000000

• 100,"10b”
• 1100100 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Decimal to Octal conversion

• 100,"4o”
1 4 4
• 144

• 256,"6o”
• 400 4 0 0

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting Integers
• For example, Decimal to Hexadecimal conversion

DIVISION RESULT REMAINDER (HEX)

100 / 16 6 4
6 / 16 0 6
ANSWER 64

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Conversions
• Decimal to Binary, octal and Hexadecimal conversions

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Formatting Number and Strings

• Formatting Strings
• You can use the conversion code s to format a string with a specified
width.
• By default, a string is left justified.
• To right-justify it, put the symbol > in the format specifier.
• If the string is longer than the specified width, the width is automatically
increased to fit the string.
• e.g.
• Format the string :
• a) Welcome to Python, 20s

W e l c o m e t o P y t h o n

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Formatting Number and Strings

• b) Jaspreet Singh, 14s

J a s p r e e t S i n g h
• c) Jaspreet Singh, >16s (Right Justify)

J a s p r e e t S i n g h
• d) Python and Java support portability, >25s

P y t h o n a n d J a v a S u p p o r t P o r t a b i l i t y

• e) Jaspreet Singh, <16s (Left Justify)

J a s p r e e t S i n g h

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Formatting Number and Strings

Formatting Strings

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Formatting Number and Strings

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THANKS…..

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